cwcp understands the following command line options. Only the short form options are available in non-LINUX versions.

-s, --sound

Specifies the way that cwcp generates tones. Valid values are 'soundcard' for tones through the system sound card, 'console' for tones through the console speaker, or 'both'. These may be shortened to 's', 'c', or 'b'. The default value is 'soundcard'.

-x, --sdevice

Specifies the device file to open for access to the sound card. The default device is /dev/dsp, and this is generally the correct device on most systems. See NOTES ON USING A SOUND CARD below. This option is invalid if cwcp is generating tones only on the console.

-y, --mdevice

Specifies the device file to open for access to the sound mixer. The default device is /dev/mixer. See NOTES ON USING A SOUND CARD below. This option is invalid if cw is generating tones only on the console.

-d, --cdevice

Specifies the device file to open for sound using the console speaker. The default device here is /dev/tty1, which is only marginally likely to be correct on Linux, and most likely incorrect on other platforms. In general, it is likely to be necessary to provide a suitable value for this option if console sound is selected. The value should be a console device file, capable of KIOCSOUND. See SELECTING SUITABLE SOUND DEVICE FILES below. This option is invalid if cwcp is generating tones only on the soundcard.

-w, --wpm

Sets the initial sending speed in words per minute. The value must be between 4 and 60. The default value is 12 WPM.

-t, --hz, --tone

Sets the initial sounder pitch in Hz. This value must be between 0 and 4,000. The default value is 800Hz.

-v, --volume

Sets the initial sending volume, as a percentage. The value must be between 0 and 100. The default value is 70%. Sound volumes work fully for sound card tones, but cwcp cannot control the volume of tones from the console speaker; in this case, a volume of zero is silent, and all other volume values are simply sounded.

-g, --gap

Sets the initial extra gap, in dot lengths, between characters (the 'Farnsworth' delay). It must be between 0 and 20. The default is 0.

-p, --time

Sets the initial practice time, in minutes. cwcp stops after generating random Morse code for this period. The value must be between 1 and 99. The default is 15 minutes.

-c, --colours

This option specifies an initial colour set for cwcp. The colour set is specified as four integers, in the range 0 to 7, separated by commas. These integers set the display foregrounds, the display backgrounds, the box foregrounds, and the box backgrounds. The available colours are, in order, black, red, green, yellow, blue, magenta, cyan, and white. The default colour set is "7,4,7,0". If -m or --mono is given, this option is ignored.

-m, --mono

This option tells cwcp not to attempt to produce a colour display. Where colours are not possible, or monochrome requested, cwcp will use reverse video within its windows to create its interface. If this option is given, any -c or --colours is ignored.

-q, --no73

This suppresses the cheery little '73' that cwcp sends when you exit the program. Set this option if you are feeling especially miserable. The default is to send '73'.

cwcp is a curses-based program that takes over the complete operation of the terminal on which it is run. If colours are available on the terminal, it will produce a colour interface.

The cwcp screen is divided into several distinct areas:

The Title bar

This window simply shows a title for the program.

The Menu Selection window

The Menu Selection window shows the main modes that cwcp offers. Use the F10 and F11 or KEY_DOWN and KEY_UP keys to select the mode. F9 or Return start sending, and F9 again or Esc stop sending. Changing mode also stops sending.

The Morse Code Display window

This window displays each Morse code character after it has been sent.

The Speed Control window

The Speed window shows the current Morse code sending speed in words per minute. Pressing the F2 or KEY_RIGHT keys increases the speed; pressing the F1 or KEY_LEFT keys decreases the speed.

The Tone Control window

This window shows the current Morse code tone pitch. Use the F4 or KEY_HOME key to increase the pitch, and the F3 or KEY_END key to decrease it. Values change in steps of 10Hz.

The Volume Control window

This window shows the current Morse code volume. Use the F6 key to increase the volume, and the F5 key to decrease it. Values change in steps of 1%. Note that cwcp cannot control the volume of the console speaker, so the volume control only works effectively for tones generated on the sound card.

The Gap Control window

This window shows the current additional 'Farnsworth' gaps to be appended after each Morse code character is sounded. Use F8 to increase the gap, and F7 to decrease it.

The Time Control window

This window shows the selected practice time. After generating Morse code in a particular mode for this amount of time, cwcp stops automatically. Use KEY_NPAGE to increase the time, and KEY_PPAGE to decrease it. During sending, the value in this window counts down to one, and after final minute of sending has elapsed, cwcp stops sending. The timer operates like a microwave or kitchen timer; it counts down on its own, but the time remaining can also be altered manually while the timer operates.

The following keys vary the screen colours:

{ key

Changes the foreground colour of the window boxes.

} key

Changes the background colour of the window boxes.

[ key

Changes the foreground colour of the window contents.

] key

Changes the background colour of the window contents.

Eight screen colours are available for each: black, red, green, yellow, blue, magenta, cyan, and white. Use a key to cycle round these colours for the particular part of the display controlled by that key. On a change of colours, the complete screen is repainted.

Use Ctrl-L to repaint the complete screen, in case of screen corruption.

To leave cwcp, press F12 or Ctrl-C, or select Exit on the mode menu.

All of the above command keys may be used while random characters are being sent, and when keyboard input is being sent.

If function keys are not available on the terminal, Ctrl-<key> combinations can be used. On the top row of letter keys on the keyboard, the keys Ctrl-Q to Ctrl-I may be used as alternatives for F1 to F8, and on the second row of letter keys, Ctrl-A to Ctrl-F as alternatives for F9 to F12. For KEY_PPAGE and KEY_NPAGE, use Ctrl-O and Ctrl-P.

cwcp sends random characters in groups of five, with a space between each group. After a period of sending, set in the Time Control window, cwcp stops automatically. It can also be stopped manually, before this time period expires.

When sending random words, cwcp sends the complete word, followed by a space. Because short words are easier to copy without writing, cwcp contains only three, four, and five-letter words in its random words list.

cwcp chooses at random from a list of around 3000 words.

By default, cwcp uses the sound device "/dev/dsp" to access the system sound card. This is generally the correct device to use, but for systems with special requirements, or those with multiple sound cards, the option -x or --sdevice can be used to specify the device for sound card access. If the sound card device cannot be set up, cwcp prints the error message

cannot set up soundcard sound

and exits.

Sound card devices are usually single-access devices; that is, when one process has opened the device, other processes are prevented from using it. If cwcp finds that the sound card is busy, it prints the error message

open /dev/dsp: Device or resource busy

but continues to retry on each new tone until it can access the device. Once it has control of the sound card, cwcp will only use it as long as it has Morse code tones to sound. It will close the device during pauses in output, to allow other programs to use it.

The main sound card device will often allow cwcp to control tone volumes directly, but where this is not possible, cwcp uses the mixer device instead. By default, this is "/dev/mixer", but the device can be specified with the -y or --mdevice options. In general, as with the main sound card device, the default mixer device is usually the correct one to use.

The mixer device is only used if the sound card does not allow volume control through the main sound card device.

cwcp will of course conflict with any other programs that expect exclusive use of the system sound card (for example, MP3 players).

The sound card device is not used if cwcp is only sending tones on the console speaker.

When cwcp sounds Morse code on the UNIX console speaker, it uses the KIOCSOUND ioctl. By default, it will try to use the device "/dev/tty1", unless the -d or --cdevice option is used. If the device refuses to create tones, cwcp prints the error message

cannot set up console sound

and exits.

If the default device is not available, or if cwcp has no permissions to use it, cwcp will need to be told which device to use. Which device files are suitable will depend on which operating system is running, and which system user ID runs cwcp. They must however be console multiscreen devices: /dev/tty1 and up on LINUX, /dev/tty01 and up on OpenServer, and /dev/vt01 and up on UnixWare and OpenUNIX.

For console sound on LINUX, it is normally possible to run cwcp as superuser, with the default /dev/tty1 as the sound device; this combination will usually work. Unless running as superuser, cwcp won't have the necessary permission to access a 'foreign' tty. Making cwcp an suid binary avoids this problem; the program does not fork() or exec(), so making it suid should be relatively safe.

There is no need to worry about console sound devices if cwcp is only sending tones on the system sound card.

Here are a few hints and tips that may help with the process of learning Morse code.

Firstly, do NOT think of the elements as dots and dashes. Instead, think of them as dits and dahs (so 'A' is di-dah). If you think of them in this way, the process of translating sound into characters will be learned much more easily.

Do not learn the characters from a table. Learn them by watching the groups appear on the screen, and listening to the sounds produced as each is sent. In the very initial stages, it may be beneficial if you can find a person to take you through the first stages of recognising characters.

Do not waste your time learning Morse code at 5 WPM. Set the speed to 12 or 15 WPM, but use extra spacing (the Gap window) to reduce the effective speed to much lower - around four or five WPM effective speed. This way, you will learn the rhythm of the characters as they are sent, but still have plenty of time between characters. As you practice, decrease the gap to zero.

Learn in stages. Start by learning the EISH5 group, then progress down through the menu as each group is mastered. The groups contain characters which are in some way related, either by sound, or by type of character.

Once you have completed all the groups EISH5 to "'$(+:_ (or 23789 if you do not want to learn procedural signals yet), use the full character set options, and the words and CW words options, to sharpen your skill. If you have difficulties with particular characters, return to that group and practice again with a smaller character set.

Resist the temptation to try to learn or improve your speed by copying off-air. You will not know what speed you are working at, and much hand-sent Morse is not perfectly formed. What you can gain off-air though is a general 'resilience'; a tolerance for Morse code where the timing of individual elements, or spacing between characters and words, is not 100% accurate.

If working to attain a particular speed for a test, always set the speed slightly higher; for example, if aiming for 12 WPM, set the tutor speed to 14 or 15 WPM. This way, when you drop back to 12 WPM you will feel much more relaxed about copying. Be aware that cwcp is not necessarily going to send at exactly the speed you set, due to limitations in what can be done with UNIX timers. It often sends at a slower speed than you set, so be very careful with this if you have a target speed that you need to reach.

Use the program to make cassette tapes that you can take with you in a walkman or in the car, for long journeys. You do not have to write down everything you hear to practice Morse code; simply listening to the shapes of characters over a period will help to train your brain into effortless recognition. In fact, slavishly writing everything down becomes a barrier at speeds of 15-20 WPM and above, so if you can begin to copy without writing each character down, you will find progress much easier above these speeds. But do not over-use these tapes, otherwise you will quickly memorise them. Re-record them with new contents at very regular intervals.

Try to spend at least 15-30 minutes each day practicing. Much less than this will make progress glacially slow. But significantly more than an hour or so may just result in you becoming tired, but not improving. Recognise when it is time to stop for the day.

Do not worry if you reach a speed 'plateau'. This is common, and you will soon pass it with a little perseverance.

At higher speeds, CW operators tend to recognise the 'shape' of whole words, rather than the individual characters within the words. The CW words menu option can be used to help to practice and develop this skill.