man doclifter (Commandes) - translate troff requests into DocBook
NAME
doclifter - translate troff requests into DocBook
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
doclifter translates documents written in troff macros to DocBook. Structural subsets of the requests in man(7), mdoc(7), ms(7), me(7), mm(7), and troff(1) are supported.
The translation brings over all the structure of the original document at section, subsection, and paragraph level. Command and C function synopses are translated into DocBook markup, not just a verbatim display. Tables (TBL markup) are translated into DocBook table markup. PIC diagrams are translated into SVG. Troff-level information that might have structural implications is preserved in XML comments.
Where possible, font-change macros are translated into structural markup. doclifter recognizes stereotyped patterns of markup and content (such as the use of italics in a FILES section to mark filenames) and lifts them. A means to edit, add, and save semantic hints about highlighting is supported.
Some cliches are recognized and lifted to structural markup even without highlighting. Patterns recognized include such things as URLs, email addresses, man page references, and C program listings.
The .in, .ta, and .ti requests are ignored. Thus, presentation-level simulation of tables and columnar-spacing effects using these will not be translated correctly.
Under some circumstances, doclifter can even lift formatted manual pages and the text output produced by lynx(1) from HTML. If it finds no macros in the input, but does find a NAME section header, it tries to interpret the plain text as a manual page (skipping boilerplate headers and footers generated by lynx(1)). Translations produced in this way will be prone to miss structural features, but this fallback is good enough for simple man pages.
doclifter does not do a perfect job, only about 95% of one; the last 5% has to be applied by a human recognizing patterns too subtle for a computer. But doclifter will almost always produce translations that are good enough to be usable before hand-hacking.
See the Troubleshooting section for discussion of how to solve document conversion problems.
OPTIONS
If called without arguments doclifter acts as a filter, translating troff source input on standard input to DocBook markup on standard output. If called with arguments, each argument file is translated separately (but hints are retained, see below); the suffix .xml is given to the translated output.
- -h
- Name a file to which information on semantic hints gathered during analysis should be written.
- -I
- The -I option adds its argument to the include path used when docfilter searches for inclusions. The include path is initially just the current directory.
- -D
- The -D allows you to post a hint. This may be useful, for example, if doclifter is mis-parsing a synopsis because it doesn't recognize a token as a command. This hint is merged after hints in the input source have been read.
- -e
- The -e allows you to set the encoding field to be emitted in the output XML. It defaults to ISO-8859-1 (Latin-1).
- -q
- Normally, requests that doclifter could not interpret (usually because they're presentation-level) are passed through to XML comments in the output. The -q option suppresses this. It also suppresses listing of macros. Messages about requests that are unrecognized or cannot be translated go to standard error whatever the state of this option. This option is intended to reduce clutter when you believe you have a clean lift of a document and want to lose the troff legacy.
- -v
- The -v option makes doclifter noisier about what it's doing. This is mainly useful for debugging.
TRANSLATION RULES
Overall, you can expect that font changes will be turned into Emphasis macros with a Remap attribute taken from the troff font name. The basic font names are R, I, B, U, CW, and SM.
Troff and macro-package special character escapes are mapped into ISO character entities.
When doclifter encounters a .so directive, it searches for the file. If it can get read access to the file, and open it, and the file consists entirely of command lines and comments, then it is included. If any of these conditions fails, an entity reference for it is generated.
doclifter performs special parsing when it recognizes a display such as is generated by .DS/.DE. It repeatedly tries to parse first a function synopsis, and then plain text off what remains in the display. Thus, most inline C function prototypes will be lifted to structured markup.
Some notes on specific translations:
Man Translation
doclifter does a good job on most man pages, It knows about the extended UR/UE/UN requests supported under Linux. If any .UR request is present, it will translate these but not wrap URLs outide them with Ulink tags. It also knows about the extended .L (literal) font markup from Bell Labs Version 8, and its friends.
The .TH macro is used to generate a RefMeta section. If present, the date/source/manual arguments (see man(7)) are wrapped in RefMiscInfo tag pairs with those class attributes. Note that doclifter does not change the date.
doclifter performs special parsing when it recognizes a synopsis section. It repeatedly tries to parse first a function synopsis, then a command synopsis , and then plain text off what remains in the section.
The following man macros are translated into emphasis tags with a remap attribute: .B, .I, .L, .BI, .BR, .BL, .IB, .IR, .IL, .RB, .RI, .RL, .LB, .LI, .LR, .SB, .SM. Some stereotyped patterns involving these macros are recognized and turned into semantic markup.
The following macros are translated into paragraph breaks: .LP, .PP, .P, .HP, and the single-argument form of .IP.
The two-argument form of .IP is translated either as a VariableList (usually) or ItemizedList (if the tag is the troff bullet or square character).
The following macros are translated semantically: .SH,.SS, .TP, .UR, .UE, .UN, .IX. A .UN call just before .SH or .SS sets the ID for the new section.
The \*R, \*(Tm, \*(lq, and \*(rq symbols are translated.
The following (purely presentation-level) macros are ignored: .PD,.DT.
The .RS/.RE macros are translated when they occur within list structure (.TP or .IP); the result is nested lists. A few other .RS/.RE cliches are also lifted; when the program cannot find a matching cliche, it will issue a warning. Use the -v option to get line numbers on these.
.DS/.DE is not part of the documented man macro set, but is recognized because it shows up with some frequency on legacy man pages from older Unixes.
Certain extension macros originally defined under Ultrix are translated structurally, including those that occasionally show up on the manual pages of Linux and other open-source Unixes. .EX/.EE, .Ds/.De, .NT/.NE, .PN, and .MS are translated structurally. parsed as a display.
The following extension macros used by the X distribution are also recognized and translated structurally: FD, FN, IN, ZN, hN, and .C{/.C}
When the man macros are active, any .Pp macro definition containing the request .PP will be ignored. and all instances of .Pp replaced with .PP. Similarly, .Tp will be replaced with .TP. This is the least painful way to deal with some frequently-encountered stereotyped wrapper definitions that would otherwise cause serious interpretation problems
On some man pages paragraphed text is found in a Synopsis section as an annotation or description of the syntax. The DocBook DTD has no way to support this, so doclifter ends the Synopsis section at that point and inserts a first-level "Synopsis Notes" section.
Known problem areas with man translation:
- •
- Weird uses of .TP. These will sometime generate invalid XML and sometimes result in a FIX-ME comment in the generated XML
- •
- It is debatable how the man macros .HP and .IP without tag should be translated. We treat them as an ordinary paragraph break. We could visually simulate a hanging paragraph with list markup, but this would not be a structural translation.
Pod2man Translation
doclifter recognizes the extension macros produced by pod2man (.Sh, .Sp, .Ip, .Vb, .Ve) and translates them structurally.
The results of lifting pages produced by pod2man should be checked carefully by eyeball, especially the rendering of command and function synopses. Pod2man generates rather perverse markup; doclifter's struggle to untangle it is sometimes in vain.
If possible, generate your DocBook from the POD sources. There is a pod2docbook module on CPAN that does this.
Tkman Translation
doclifter recognizes the extension macros used by the Tcl/Tk documentation system: .AP, .AS, .BS, .BE, .CS, .CE, .DS, .DE, .SO, .SE, .UL, .VS, .VE. The .AP, .CS, .CE, .SO, .SE, and .UL macros are translated structurally.
Mandoc Translation
doclifter should be able to do an excellent job on most mdoc(7) pages, because this macro package expresses a lot of semantic structure.
Known problems with mandoc translation: All .Bd/.Ed display blocks are translated as LiteralLayout tag pairs.
Ms Translation
doclifter does a good job on most ms pages. One weak spot to watch out for is the generation of Author and Affiliation tags. The heuristics used to mine this information out of the .AU section work for authors who format their names in the way usual for English (e.g. "M. E. Lesk", "Eric S. Raymond") but are quite brittle.
For a document to be recognized as containing ms markup, it must have the extension .ms. This avoids problems with false positives.
The .TL, .AU, .AI, and .AE macros turn into article metainformation in the expected way. The .PP, .LP, .SH, and .NH macros turn into paragraph and section structure. The tagged form of .IP is translated either as a VariableList (usually) or ItemizedList (if the tag is the troff bullet or square character); the untagged version is treated as an ordinary paragraph break.
The .DS/.DE pair is translated to a LiteralLayout tag pair. The .FS/.FE pair is translated to a Footnote tag pair. The .QP/.QS/.QE requests define BlockQuotes.
The .UL font change is mapped to U. .SM and .LG become numeric plus or minus size steps suffixed to the Remap attribute.
The .B1 and .B2 box macros are translated to a Sidebar tag pair.
All macros relating to page footers, multicolumn mode, and keeps are ignored (.ND, .DA, .1C, .2C, .MC, .BX, .KS, .KE, .KF). The .R, .RS, and .RE macros are ignored as well.
Me Translation
Translation of me documents tends to produce crude results that need a lot of hand-hacking. The format has little usable structure, and documents written in it tend to use a lot of low-level troff macros; both these properties tend to confuse doclifter.
For a document to be recognized as containing me markup, it must have the extension .me. This avoids problems with false positives.
The following macros are translated into paragraph breaks: .lp, .pp. The .ip macro is translated into a VariableList. The .bp macro is translated into an ItemizedList. The .np macro is translated into an OrderedList.
The b, i, and r fonts are mapped to emphasis tags with B, I, and R Remap attributes. The .rb ("real bold") font is treated the same as .b.
.q(/.q) is translated structurally.
Most other requests are ignored.
Mm Translation
Memorandum Macros documents translate well, as these macros carry a lot of structural information. The translation rules are tuned for Memorandum or Released Paper styles; information associated with external-letter style will be preserved in comments.
For a document to be recognized as containing mm markup, it must have the extension .mm. This avoids problems with false positives.
The following highlight macros are translated int Emphasis tags: .B, .I, .R, .BI, .BR, .IB, .IR, .RB, .RI.
The following macros are structurally translated: .AE, .AF, .AL, .RL, .APP, .APPSK, .AS, .AT, .AU, .B1, .B2, .BE, .BL, .ML, .BS, .BVL, .VL, .DE, .DL .DS, .FE, .FS, .H, .HU, .IA, .IE, .IND, .LB, .LC, .LE, .LI, .P, .RF, .SM, .TL, .VERBOFF, .VERBON, .WA, .WE.
The following macros are ignored:
~.)E, .1C, .2C, .AST, .AV, .AVL, .COVER, .COVEND, .EF, .EH, .EDP, .EPIC, .FC, .FD, .HC, .HM, .GETR, .GETST, .HM, .INITI, .INITR, .INDP, .ISODATE, .MT, .NS, .ND, .OF, .OH, .OP, .PGFORM, .PGNH, .PE, .PF, .PH, .RP, .S, .SA, .SP, .SG, .SK, .TAB, .TB, .TC, .VM, .WC.
The following macros generate warnings: .EC, .EX, .FG, .GETHN, .GETPN, .GETR, .GETST, .LT, .LD, .LO, .MOVE, .MULB, .MULN, .MULE, .NCOL, .nP, .PIC, .RD, .RS, .RE, .SETR
~.BS/.BE and .IA/.IE pairs are passed through. The text inside them may need to be deleted or moved.
The mark argument of .ML is ignored; the following list id formatted as a normal ItemizedList.
The contents of .DS/.DE or .DF/.DE gets turned into a Screen display. Arguments controlling presentation-level formatting are ignored.
Mwww Translation
The mwww macros are an extension to the man macros supported by groff(1) for producing web pages.
The URL, FTP, MAILTO, FTP, IMAGE, TAG tags are translated structurally. The HTMLINDEX, BODYCOLOR, BACKGROUND, HTML, an LINE tags are ignored.
TBL Translation
All structural features of TBL tables are translated, including both horizontal and vertical spanning with ‘s’ and ‘^’. The ‘l’, ‘r’, and ‘c’ formats are supported; the ‘n’ column format is rendered as ‘r’. Line continuations with T{ and T} are handled correctly. So is .TH.
The expand, box, doublebox, allbox, center, left, and right options are supported. The GNU synonyms frame and doubleframe are also recognized. But the distinction between single and double rules and boxes is lost.
Table continuations (.T&) are not supported.
If the first nonempty line of text immediately before a table is boldfaced, it is interpreted as a ctitle for the table and the table is generated using a table and title. Otherwise the table is translated with infornaltable.
Most other presentation-level TBL commands are ignored. The ‘b’ format qualifier is processed, but point size and width qualifiers are not.
Pic Translation
PIC sections are translated to SVG. doclifter calls out to pic2plot(1) to accomplish this; you must have that utility installed for PIC translation to work.
Eqn Translation
EQN sections are passed through enclosed in LiteralLayout tags. After a delim statement has been seen, inline eqn delimiters are translated into an XML processing instruction. Exception: inline eqn equations consisting of a single character are translated to an Emphasis with a Role attribute of eqn.
Troff Translation
The troff translation is meant only to support interpretation of the macro sets. It is not useful standalone.
The .nf and .fi macros are interpreted as literal-layout boundaries. Calls to the .so macro either cause inclusion or are translated into XML entity inclusions (see above). Calls to the .ul and .cu macros cause following lines to be wrapped in an Emphasis tag with a Remap attribute of "U". Calls to .ft generate corresponding start or end emphasis tags. Calls to .tr cause character translation on output. Calls to .bp generate a BeginPage tag. Calls to .sp generate a paragraph break (in paragraphed text only). These are the only troff requests we translate to DocBook. The rest of the troff emulation exists because macro packages use it internally to expand macros into elements that might be structural.
Requests relating to macro definitions and strings (.ds, .as, .de, .am, .rm, .rn, .em) are processed and expanded. The .ig macro is also processed.
Conditional macros (.if, .ie, .el) are handled. The built-in conditions o, n, t, e, and c are evaluated as if for nroff on page one of a document. String comparisons are evaluated by straight textual comparison. All numeric expressions evaluate to true.
The extended groff requests ab, als, do, nop, and return and shift are interpreted. Its .PSPIC extension is translated into a MediaObject.
The .tm macro writes its arguments to standard error (with -t). The .pm macro reports on defined macros and strings. These facilities may aid in debugging your translation.
All other troff requests are ignored but passed through into XML comments. A few (such as .ce) also trigger a warning message.
SEMANTIC ANALYSIS
doclifter keeps two lists of semantic hints that it picks up from analyzing source documents (especially from parsing command and function synopses). The local list includes:
- •
- Names of function formal arguments
- •
- Names of command options
Local hints are used to mark up the individual page from which they are gathered. The global list includes:
- •
- Names of functions
- •
- Names of commands
- •
- Names of function return types
If doclifter is applied to multiple files, the global list is retained in memory. You can dump a report of global hints at the end of the with the -h. The format of the hints is as follows:
~.\" | mark <phrase> as <markup>
where <phrase> is an item of text and <markup> is the DocBook markup text it should be wrapped with whenever it appeared either highlighted or as a word surrounded by whitespace in the source text.
Hints derived from earlier files are also applied to later ones. This behavior may be useful when lifting collections of documents that apply to a function or command library. What should be more useful is the fact that a hints file dumped with -h can be one of the file arguments to doclifter; the code detects this special case and does not write XML output for such a file. Thus, a good procedure for lifting a large library is to generate a hints file with a first run, inspect it to delete false positives, and use it as the first input to a second run.
It is also possible to include a hints file directly in a troff sourcefile. This may be useful if you want to enrich the file by stages before converting to XML.
TROUBLESHOOTING
After converting your source, look through the generated DocBook for comments containing the string FIX-ME. These will tag problems that doclifter can diagnose but not fix by itself.
Occasionally (less than 2% of the time) doclifter will produce invalid DocBook markup even from correct troff markup. Usually this results from strange constructions in the source page, or macro calls that are beyond the ability of doclifter's macro processor to get right. Here are some things to watch for, and how to fix them:
Malformed command synopses. If you get a message that says command synopsis parse failed, look at the XML output. It will contain a comment telling you what the command synopsis looked like after preprocessing, and indicate on which token the parse failed (both with a token number and a caret sign inserted in the dump of the synopsis tokens). Try rewriting the synopsis in your manual page source. The most common cause of failure is unbalanced [] groupings, a bug that can be very difficult to notice by eyeball. To assist with this, the error token dump tries to insert ‘$’ at the point of the last nesting-depth increase, but the code that does this is failure-prone.
Relative-indent (.RS/.RE) macros. Odd combinations of these macros with list markup will not translate properly. If you get a message warning you that these macros have been seen, go in and simplify.
Confusing macro calls. Some manual page authors replace standard requests (like .PP, .SH and .TP) with versions that do different things in nroff and troff environments. While doclifter tries to cope and usually does a good job, the quirks of [nt]roff are legion and confusing macro calls sometimes lead to bad XML being generated (a common symptom is unclosed Emphasis tags).
The message possible section nesting error means that the program has seen two adjacent subsection headers. In man pages, subsections don't have a depth argument, so doclifter cannot be certain how subsections should be nested. Any subsection heading between the indicated line and the beginning of the next top-level section might be wrong and require correcting by hand.
If you're translating a page that uses user-defined macros and you get bad output, the first thing to do is simplify or eliminate the user-defined macros. Replace them with stock requests where possible.
RETURN VALUES
On successful completion, the program returns status 0. It returns 1 if some file or standard input could not be translated. It returns 2 if one of the input sources was a .so inclusion. It returns 3 if there is an error in reading or writing files. It returns 4 to indicate an internal error. It returns 5 when aborted by a keyboard interrupt.
Note that a zero return does not guarantee that the output is valid DocBook. It will be syntactically valid XML, but in some (rare) cases fixups by hand may be necessary to meet the semantics of the DocBook DTD. Validation problems are most likely to occur with complicated list markup.
BUGS AND WARNINGS
EQN sections are not translated to MathML as they should be.
The function-synopsis parser is crude (it's not a compiler) and prone to errors. Function-synopsis markup should be checked carefully by a human.
If a man page has both paragraphed text in a Synopsis section and also a body section before the Synopis section, bad things will happen.
Running text (e.g., explanatory notes) at the end of a Synopsis section cannot reliably be distinguished from synopsis-syntax markup.
Some firewalls put in to cope with common malformations in troff code mean that the tail end of a span between two \f{B,I,U,(CW} or .ft highlight changes may not be completely covered by corresponding Emphasis macros if (for example) the span crosses a boundary between filled and unfilled (.nf/.fi) text.
The crude treatment of conditionals relies on the assumption that conditional macros never generate structural or font-highlight markup that differs between the if and else branches. This appears to be true of all the standard macro packages, but if you roll any of your own macros you're on your own.
OLD MACRO SETS
There is a conflict between Berkeley ms's documented .P1 print-header-on-page request and an undocumented Bell Labs use for displayed program and equation listings. The ms translator chooses the Bell Labs interpretation because (a) it's structural, and (b) otherwise we'd have to throw out the paired .P2 request.
The composition characters for large math brackets from old troff are not supported, as there are neither ISO entity nor Unicode equivalents.
REQUIREMENTS
doclifter was written in Python 2.2a1. It will not work under Python 1.5.2.
The pic2plot(1) utility must be installed in order to translate PIC diagrams to SVG.
BUGS
Attempt to typeset tables in troff with .ta requests and tabs do not translate properly.
Macro definitions in a manual page NAME section are not interpreted.
In Berkeley mdoc interpretation, handlig of ,Xo/.Xc enclosures is failure-prone.
SEE ALSO
AUTHOR
Eric S. Raymond <esr@thyrsus.com>
There is a project web page at http://www.catb.org/~esr/doclifter/: http://www.catb.org/~esr/doclifter/.