floppycontrol - floppy driver configuration utility

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CWfloppycontrol [CW-p] [CW--pollstate] [CW--printfdstate]
[CW-a operation-abort-thresholdCW] [CW-c read-track-thresholdCW]
[CW-r recalibrate-thresholdCW] [CW-R reset-thresholdCW]
[CW-e reporting-thresholdCW] [CW-f] [CW-x] [CW-d driveCW][CW-F] [CW-T]
[CW-reset conditionCW] [CW--debug] [CW--nodebug] [CW--messages]
[CW--nomessages] [CW--broken_dcl] [CW--working_dcl] [CW--inverted_dcl]
[CW--no_inverted_dcl] [CW--silent_dcl_clear] [CW--noisy_dcl_clear]
[CW-ccmos-typeCW] [CW-hlt hltCW] [CW-hut hutCW] [CW-srt srtCW] [CW-o spindownCW]
[CW-u spinupCW] [CW-s select-delayCW] [CW-rps rotations-per-secondCW]
[CW-O spindown-offsetCW] [CW-track max-tracksCW] [CW-timeout secondsCW]
[CW-C check-intervalCW] [CW-n native-formatCW]
[CW-autodetect autodetection-sequenceCW] [CW-P] [CW--clrwerror]
[CW--printwerror] [CW-h]

The CWfloppycontrol program is used to configure the floppy driver.

CW-h

CW--help Print a help screen.

CW-d driveCW

CW--drive driveCW Selects the drive to configure. The default is drive 0 (CW/dev/fd0).

The following CWfloppycontrol options don't set a configuration parameter, but perform a one-time action. They are available to anybody who has write access to the drive

CW-f

CW--flush Flushes (throws away) the dirty data buffers associated with this drive.

CW-x

CW--eject Ejects the disk out of the drive (Sparc). The dirty buffers are first committed to disk before ejecting it. Fails if the disk is mounted.

CW--reset conditionCW

Resets the FDC under condition . Condition may be one of the following:

CW0

resets the FDC only if a reset is needed anyways,

CW1

resets the FDC also if a raw command has been performed since the last reset, and

CW2

resets the FDC unconditionally.

This command may be needed after some failed raw commands (see section fdrawcmd).

CW-F

CW--formatend Issues an end format ioctl. This might be needed after exiting a CWfdformat in an unclean way. CWsuperformat is not subject to this.

CW-T

CW--type Print out the drive name of a floppy device. This is used by the CWMAKEFLOPPIES script. The drive name is a letter (describing the drive type) followed by the capacity of the format in bytes. The letter is E for 3.5 ED drives, H for 3.5 HD drives, D for 3.5 DD drives, h for 5.25 HD drives and d for 5.25 DD drives. The drive type letter corresponds to the oldest drive type supporting the format of this device node (not necessarily the type of the drive refered by this node.) For the generic format nodes (/dev/fd0 et al.) the name of "native format" of the drive is printed, and for the default formats, if a generic format has been redefined, its name becomes CW(n).

CW-p

CW--print Prints out the configuration of the drive. The names of the various fields are the same as the names of the option to set them, see below.

CW-P

CW--printstate Prints out the cached internal state of the driver. The first line lists various attributes about the disk:

CWdrive present

CWdisk present CWdisk writable These are only updated when the drive is accessed.

CWspinup

is the time when the motor became switched on for the last time.

CWselect

is the time when the drive became selected for the last time

CWfirst_read

is the time when the first read request after the last spin up completed.

CWprobed_fmt

is the the index of the autodetected format in the autodetection sequence for this drive.

CWcylinder

is the cylinder where the drive head currently sits. If this number is negative, it has the following meaning:

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-1 means that the driver doesn't know, but the controller does (a seek command must be issued).

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-2 means that the controller doesn't know either, but is sure that it not beyond the 80th track. The drive needs a recalibration.

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-3 means that the head may be beyond the 80th track. The drive needs two successive recalibrations, because at each recalibration, the controller only issues 80 move head commands per recalibration.

CWmaxblock

is the highest block number that has been read.

CWmaxcylinder

is a boolean which is set when a sector that is not on cylinder 0/head 0 has been read. These are used for smart invalidation of the buffer cache on geometry change. The buffer cache of the drive is only invalidated on geometry change when this change actually implies that a block that has already been read changes position. This optimization is useful for mtools which changes the geometry after reading the boot sector.

CWgeneration

is roughly the number of disk changes noticed since boot. Disk changes are noticed if the disk is actually changed, or if a flush command is issued and for both cases if any I/O to/from the disk occurs. (i.e. if you insert several disks, but don't do any I/O to them, the generation number stays the same.)

CWrefs

is number of open file descriptors for this drive. It is always at least one, because floppycontrol's file descriptor is counted too.

CWdevice

is format type (as derived from the minor device number) which is currently being used.

CWlast_checked

is date (in jiffies) when the drive was last checked for a disk change, and a disk was actually in the drive.

CW--pollstate

Polls the drive and then prints out the internal state of the driver.(CW--Printstate only prints out the cached information without actually polling the drive for a disk change.)

CW--printfdcstate

Prints out the state of the controller where the target drive is attached to.

CWspec1

CWspec2 are the current values of those registers.

CWrate

is current data transfer rate

CWrawcmd

is true if a raw command has been executed since the last reset. If this is the case, a reset will be triggered when a drive on the same FDC is next opened.

CWdor

is the value of the digital output register. The 4 high bits are a bit mask describing which drives are spinning, the 2 low bits describe the selected drive, bit 2 is used to reset the FDC, and bit 3 describes whether this FDC has hold of the interrupt and the DMA. If you have two FDCs, bit 3 is only set on one of them.

CWversion

is the version of the FDC. See CWlinux/include/linux/fdreg.h for a listing of the FDC version numbers.

CWreset

is true if a reset needs to be issued to the FDC before processing the next request.

CWneed_configure

is true if this FDC needs configuration by the CWFD_CONFIGURE command.

CWhas_fifo

is set if the FDC understands the CWFD_CONFIGURE command.

CWperp_mode

describes the perpendicular mode of this FDC. 0 is non-perpendicular mode, 2 is HD perpendicular mode, 3 is ED perpendicular mode, and 1 is unknown.

CWaddress

is the address of the first I/O port of the FDC. Normally, this is 0x3f0 for the first FDC and 0x370 for the second.

The following options handle the different available drive types, such as double density vs. high density vs. extra density drives, and 5 1/4 drives vs 3 1/2 drives. Usually the drive type is stored in a non-volatile memory, called CMOS, under the form of an integer ranging from 1 to 6.

Different drive types are able to handle and autodetect different formats (different autodetection lists). They also have different "native format name". The native format is the "usual" format with the highest capacity supported by the drive. (For example 720KB on a double density 3 1/2 drive, and 1.2MB on a high density 5 1/4 drive.)

These settings are only changeable by the super user.

CW-c cmos-typeCW

CW--cmos cmos-typeCW Set the virtual CMOS type of the floppy drive. This is useful if

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the physical CMOS type is wrong (this may happen with BIOSes which use a non-standard mapping),

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you have more than two drives (the physical CMOS may only describe up to two drives).

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you have a BIOS that allows swapping drives A: and B: for DOS. Right now, this CMOS parameter is not used by the kernel, except for feeding it back to other applications (for instance CWsuperformat, CWfloppymeter or CWMAKEFLOPPIES). It is also possible to supply a virtual CMOS type with the CWcmos boot option (see section Boottime configuration). If possible, I recommend you use the boot option, rather than CWfloppycontrol, because the boot option also sets any parameters derived from the CMOS type, such as the autodetection list and the native format, whereas CWfloppycontrol does not.

CW-A autodetect-seqCW

CW--autodetect autodetect-seqCW Set the autodetection sequence (see section Autodetection) The autodetection sequence is a comma-separated list of at most eight format descriptors. Each format descriptor is a format number optionally followed by the letter CWt. For drive 0, the format number is the minor device number divided by 4. The autodetection sequence is used by the driver to find out the format of a newly inserted disk. The formats are tried one after the other, and the first matching format is retained. To test the format, the driver tries to read the first sector on the first track on the first head when CWt is not given, or the whole first track when CWt is given. Thus, autodetection cannot detect the number of tracks. However, this information is contained in the boot sector, which is now accessible. The boot sector can then be used by mtools to configure the correct number of tracks.

Example:

7,4,24t,25

means to try out the formats whose minor device numbers are 28 (1.44M), 16 (720KB), 96 (1.76MB), and 100 (1.92MB), in this order. For the 1.76MB format, try to read the whole track at once.

Reading the whole track at once allows you to distinguish between two formats which differ only in the number of sectors. (The format with the most sectors must be tried first.) If you use mtools, you do not need this feature, as mtools can figure out the number of sectors without any help from the floppy driver, by looking at the boot sector.

Reading the whole track at once may also speed up the first read by 200 milliseconds. However, if, on the other hand, you try to read a disk which has less sectors than the format, you lose some time.

I suggest that you put the most often used format in the first place (barring other constraints), as each format that is tried out takes 400 milliseconds.

CW-n native-formatCW

CW--native_format native-formatCW Set the native format of this drive. The native format of a drive is the highest standard format available for this drive. (Example: For a 5 1/4 HD drive it is the usual 1200K format.) This is format is used to make up the format name for the generic device (which is the name of the native format). This drive name is read back from the kernel by the CWMAKEFLOPPIES script which uses it to decide which device nodes to create.

CW--broken_dcl

Assumes that the disk change line of the drive is broken. If this is set, disk changes are assumed to happen whenever the device node is first opened. The physical disk change line is ignored.

This option should be used if disk changes are either not detected at all, or if disk changes are detected when the disk was actually not changed. If this option fixes the problem, I'd recommend that you try to trace the root cause of the problem. Indeed, this options results in reduced performance due to spurious cache flushes.

The following hardware problems may lead to a bad disk change line:

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If the floppy cable is not inserted straight, or if it is kinked, the disk change line is likely to suffer, as it is on the edge of the cable. Gently press on both connectors of the cable (drive and controller) to insure that all wires make contact. Visually inspect the cable, and if it shows obvious traces of damage, get a new one.

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On some drives, the locations disk change line may be chosen by jumper. Make sure that your floppy controller and your drive agree on which line is the disk change line.

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Some older drives (mostly double density 5 1/4 drives) don't have a disk change line. In this case, you have no choice other than to leave the CWbroken_dcl option on.

CW--working_dcl

Assumes that the disk change line works all right. Switching from broken to working may lead to unexpected results after the first disk change.

CW--inverted_dcl

Assumes that this disk drive uses an inverted disk change line. Apparently this is the case for IBM thinkpads.

CW--no_inverted_dcl

Assumes that this drive follows the standard convention for the disk change line.

CW--noisy_dcl_clear

Switches off silent disk change line clearing for this drive.

This section describes how to configure drive timings. To set these parameters, you need superuser privileges. All times are in "jiffy" units (10 milliseconds), unless otherwise specified.

CW--hlt hltCW

Set the head load time (in microseconds) for this floppy drive. The head load time describes how long the floppy controller waits after seeking or changing heads before allowing access to a track.

CW--hut hutCW

Set the head unload time (in microseconds) for this floppy drive. The head unload time describes how long the floppy controller waits after an access before directing its attention to the other head, or before seeking.

CW--srt srtCW

Set the step rate (in microseconds) for this floppy drive. The step rate describes how long the drive head stays on one cylinder when seeking. Setting this value to low (too fast seeks) may make seeks fail, because the motor doesn't follow fast enough.

CW-u spinup-timeCW

CW--spinup spinup-timeCW Set the spinup time of the floppy drive. In order to do read or write to the floppy disk, it must spin. It takes a certain time for the motor to reach enough speed to read or write. This parameter describes this time. The floppy driver doesn't try to access the drive before the spinup time has elapsed. With modern controllers, you may set this time to zero, as the controller itself enforces the right delay.

CW-o spindown-timeCW

CW--spindown spindown-timeCW Set the spindown time of this floppy drive. The motor is not stopped immediately after the operation completes, because there might be more operations following. The spindown time is the time the driver waits before switching off the motor.

CW-O spindown-offsetCW

CW--spindown_offset spindown-offsetCW Set the spindown offset of this floppy drive. This parameter is used to set the position in which the disk stops. This is useful to minimize the next access time. (If the first sector is just near the head at the very moment at which the disk has reached enough speed, you win 200 milliseconds against the most unfavorable situation).

This is done by clocking the time where the first I/O request completes, and using this time to calculate the current position of the disk.

CW-s select-delayCW

CW--select_delay select-delayCW Set the select delay of this floppy drive. This is the delay that the driver waits after selecting the drive and issuing the first command to it. For modern controllers/drives, you may set this to zero.

CW-C check-intervalCW

CW--checkfreq check-intervalCW Set the maximal disk change check interval. The disk change line is checked whenever a read or write to the device is issued, and it has not been checked for more than interval jiffies.

This subsection describes how to switch the available debugging messages on and off.

CW--debug

Switch debugging output on. The debugging information includes timing information. This option might be useful to fine-tune the timing options for your local setups. (But for most normal purposes, the default values are good enough.)

CW--nodebug

Switch debugging output off.

CW--messages

Print informational messages after autodetection, geometry parameter clearing and dma over/underruns.

CW--nomessages

Don't print informational messages after these events.

The following options configure the behavior of the floppy driver in case of read/write errors. They may be used by any user who has write privileges for the drive. Whenever the floppy driver encounters an error, a retry counter is incremented. If the value of this counter gets bigger than the thresholds described below, the corresponding actions are performed at the next retry. The counter is reset when the read or write finally terminates, whether successfully or not.

CW-a operation-abort-thresholdCW

CW--abort operation-abort-thresholdCW Tell the floppy driver to stop trying to read/write a sector after operation-abort-threshold retries, and signal the I/O error to the user.

CW-t read-track-thresholdCW

CW--readtrack read-track-thresholdCW Tell the floppy driver to switch from track-reading mode to sector-at-a-time-mode after read-track-threshold retries.

CW-r recalibrate-thresholdCW

CW--recalibrate recalibrate-thresholdCW Tell the floppy driver to recalibrate the drive after recalibrate-threshold retries.

CW-R reset-thresholdCW

CW--reset reset-thresholdCW Tell the floppy driver to reset the controller after reset-threshold retries. After a controller reset, the floppy driver also recalibrates all drives connected to that controller.

CW-e error-report-thresholdCW

CW--reporting error-report-thresholdCW Tell the floppy driver to start printing error messages to the console after error-report-threshold retries.

Due to the buffer cache, write errors cannot always be reported to the writing user program as soon as the write system call returns. Indeed, the actual writing may take place much later. If a write error is encountered, the floppy driver stores information about it in its per drive write error structure. This write error structure stays until explicitly cleared. It can for example be queried by a backup program which wants to make sure that the data has been written successfully.

CW--clrwerror

Clears the write error structure.

CW--printwerror

Prints the contents of the write error structure:

CWwrite_errors

is a count of how many write errors have occurred since the structure was last cleared.

CWbadness

is the maximal number of retries that were needed to complete an operation (reads, writes and formats).

CWfirst_error_sector

is where the first (chronologically) write error occurred.

CWfirst_error_generation

is the disk change generation in which did the first write error occurred. The disk change generation is a number which is incremented at each disk change.

CWlast_error_sector

and

CWlast_error_generation

are similar.

This subsection lists per drive configuration options, which don't fit in any other category. They are available only to the superuser:

CW--tracks max-tracksCW

Set the maximal numbers of physical tracks that this drive may handle. If you have a drive which is only able to handle 80 tracks (making strange noises when you try to format or read a disk with more than 80 tracks), use this option to prevent unprivileged users of damaging your drive by repeatedly reading disks with more than 80 tracks.

If you trust your users and your disks, you don't need this. With most drives you don't need to worry anyways. See section More cylinders, for details.

CW-i sector-interleaveCW

CW--interleave sector-interleaveCW Set the number of sectors beyond which sector interleaving will be used. This option will only be used by the CWFDFMTTRK ioctl. The CWfdformat command, which is now considered obsolete, uses CWFDFMTTRK ioctl, but CWsuperformat does not.

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