GRASS manual page

How to start with GRASS

d.* display commands db.* database commands g.* general commands g3.* general3D commands i.* imagery commands p.* paint commands pg.* postGRASS commands ps.* postscript commands r.* raster commands r3.* raster3D commands v.* vector commands nviz visualization command

[ v.* ]

d.* commands: d.ask Prompts the user to select a GRASS data base file from among files displayed in a menu on the graphics monitor. d.barscale Displays a barscale on GRASS monitor. d.colorlist Output a list of all available display colors with a configurable separator (default is comma). d.colors Allows the user to interactively change the color table d.colortable To display the color table associated with a raster map layer. d.erase Erase the contents of the active display frame with user defined color d.extend Set window region so that all currently displayed raster, vector and sites maps can be shown in a monitor. d.font.freetype Selects the font in which text will be displayed on the user's graphics monitor. d.font Selects the font in which text will be displayed on the user's graphics monitor. d.frame Manages display frames on the user's graphics monitor. d.geodesic Displays a geodesic line, tracing the shortest distance between two geographic points along a great circle, in a longitude/latitude data set. d.graph Program for generating and displaying simple graphics to the graphics display monitor. d.grid Overlays a user-specified grid in the active display frame on the graphics monitor. d.his Displays the result obtained by combining hue, intensity, and saturation (his) values from user-specified input raster map layers. d.histogram Displays a histogram in the form of a pie or bar chart for a user-specified raster file. d.info Display information about the active display monitor d.legend Displays a legend for a raster map layer in the active frame on the graphics monitor. d.linegraph Generates and displays simple line graphs in the active graphics monitor display frame. d.m d.mapgraph Generates and displays simple graphics on map layers drawn in the active graphics monitor display frame. d.measure Measures the lengths and areas of features drawn by the user in the active display frame on the graphics monitor. d.mon To establish and control use of a graphics display monitor. d.monsize Selects/starts specified monitor at specified size d.nviz Create fly-through script to run in NVIZ d.out.png Saves active display monitor to PNG file in home directory d.paint.labels Displays text labels formatted for use with GRASS paint (p.labels, p.map) output to the active frame on the graphics monitor. d.path Find shortest path for selected starting and ending node d.profile Interactive profile plotting utility with optional output. d.rast.arrow Draws arrows representing cell aspect direction for a raster map containing aspect data. d.rast.edit d.rast.edit d.rast Displays and overlays raster map layers in the active display frame on the graphics monitor. d.rast.leg Displays a raster map and its legend on a graphics window d.rast.num Overlays cell category values on a raster map layer displayed to the graphics monitor. d.redraw d.redraw d.resize Resizes active display monitor d.rgb Displays three user-specified raster map layers as red, green, and blue overlays in the active graphics frame. d.rhumbline Displays the rhumbline joining two user-specified points, in the active frame on the user's graphics monitor. d.save Create a list of commands for recreating screen graphics. d.slide.show Slide show of GRASS raster/vector maps d.split Divides active display into 2 frames & displays maps/executes commands in each frame. d.text.freetype Draws text in the graphics monitor's active display frame using TrueType fonts. d.text Draws text in the active display frame on the graphics monitor using the current font. d.title Outputs a TITLE for a raster map layer in a form suitable for display by d.text. d.vect.chart Displays charts of GRASS vector data in the active frame on the graphics monitor. d.vect Displays GRASS vector data in the active frame on the graphics monitor. d.what.rast Allows the user to interactively query the category contents of multiple raster map layers at user specified locations within the current geographic region. d.what.vect Allows the user to interactively query a vector map layer at user-selected locations within the current geographic region. d.where Identifies the geographic coordinates associated with point locations in the active frame on the graphics monitor. d.zoom Allows the user to change the current geographic region settings interactively, with a mouse.

db.* commands: db.columns list all columns for a given table. db.connect Connect to the database through DBMI. db.copy Copy a table. Either 'from_table' (optionaly with 'where') can be used or 'select' option, but not 'from_table' and 'select' at the same time. db.describe Describe a table (in detail). db.drivers List all database drivers. db.droptable db.execute Execute any SQL statement. db.login Set user/password for driver/database. db.select Select data from database. db.tables List all tables for a given database. db.test Test database driver, database must exist and set by db.connect.

g.* commands: g.access g.ask Prompts the user for the names of GRASS data base files. g.copy Copies available data files in the user's current mapset search path and location to the appropriate element directories under the user's current mapset. g.filename Prints GRASS data base file names. g.findfile Searches for GRASS data base files and sets variables for the shell. g.gisenv Outputs and modifies the user's current GRASS variable settings. g.list Lists available GRASS data base files of the user-specified data type to standard output. g.manual display the HTML man pages of GRASS g.mapset Change current mapset g.mapsets Modifies the user's current mapset search path, affecting the user's access to data existing under the other GRASS mapsets in the current location. g.mlist Apply regular expressions and wildcards to g.list g.mremove Apply regular expressions and wildcards to g.remove g.parser g.parser test script g.proj Prints and manipulates GRASS projection information files. g.region Program to manage the boundary definitions for the geographic region. g.remove Removes data base element files from the user's current mapset. g.rename To rename data base element files in the user's current mapset. g.setproj g.setproj g.tempfile Creates a temporary file and prints the file name. g.version Displays version and copyright information.

i.* commands: i.cca Canonical components analysis (cca) program for image processing. i.class i.class i.cluster An imagery function that generates spectral signatures for land cover types in an image using a clustering algorithm. The resulting signature file is used as input for i.maxlik, to generate an unsupervised image classification. i.fft Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) for image processing. i.fusion.brovey Brovey transform to merge multispectral and high-res panchromatic channels i.gensig Generates statistics for i.maxlik from raster map layer. i.gensigset Generate statistics for i.smap from raster map layer. i.group Creates and edits groups and subgroups of imagery files. i.his.rgb Hue-intensity-saturation (his) to red-green-blue (rgb) raster map color transformation function. i.ifft Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (ifft) for image processing. i.image.mosaic Mosaics up to 4 images and extends colormap; creates map *.mosaic i.maxlik An imagery function that classifies the cell spectral reflectances in imagery data based on the spectral signature information generated by either i.cluster, i.class, or i.gensig. i.oif Calculates Optimum-Index-Factor table for LANDSAT TM bands 1-5, & 7 i.ortho.photo i.ortho.photo i.pca Principal components analysis (pca) program for image processing. i.points i.rectify Rectifies an image by computing a coordinate transformation for each pixel in the image based on the control points i.rgb.his Red-green-blue (rgb) to hue-intensity-saturation (his) raster map color transformation function. i.smap Performs contextual image classification using sequential maximum a posteriori (SMAP) estimation. i.spectral displays spectral response at user specified locations in images i.target Targets an imagery group to a GRASS location and mapset. i.tasscap Tasseled Cap (Kauth Thomas) transformation for LANDSAT-TM data i.vpoints i.vpoints i.zc Zero-crossing "edge detection" raster function for image processing.

p.* commands: p.out.vrml module to output GRASS data in the format of Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML)

pg.* commands: pg.postgisdb pg.postgisdb

photo.* commands: photo.2image photo.2image photo.2target photo.2target photo.camera photo.init photo.init photo.rectify photo.rectify

ps.* commands: ps.map Hardcopy PostScript map output utility.

r.* commands: r.average Finds the average of values in a cover map within areas assigned the same category value in a user-specified base map. r.basins.fill Generates a raster map layer showing watershed subbasins. r.bilinear Bilinear interpolation utility for raster map layers. r.blend Blends color components of 2 raster maps by a given % first map' r.buffer Creates a raster map layer showing buffer zones surrounding cells that contain non-NULL category values. r.cats Prints category values and labels associated with user-specified raster map layers. r.circle Creates a raster map containing concentric rings around a given point. r.clump Recategorizes data in a raster map layer by grouping cells that form physically discrete areas into unique categories. r.coin Tabulates the mutual occurrence (coincidence) of categories for two raster map layers. r.colors Creates/Modifies the color table associated with a raster map layer. r.composite Combines red, green and blue map layers into a single composite map layer. r.compress Compresses and decompresses raster files. r.contour Produces a GRASS binary vector map of specified contours from GRASS raster map layer. r.cost Outputs a raster map layer showing the cumulative cost of moving between different geographic locations on an input raster map layer whose cell category values represent cost. r.covar Outputs a covariance/correlation matrix for user-specified raster map layer(s). r.cross Creates a cross product of the category values from multiple raster map layers. r.describe Prints terse list of category values found in a raster map layer. r.digit r.digit r.distance Locates the closest points between objects in two raster maps. r.drain Traces a flow through an elevation model on a raster map layer. r.fill.dir Filters and generates a depressionless elevation map and a flow direction map from a given elevation layer r.fillnulls Fills no-data areas in raster maps using v.surf.rst splines interpolation r.flow Construction of slope curves (flowlines), flowpath lengths, and flowline densities (upslope areas) from a raster digital elevation model(DEM). r.grow Generates a raster map layerwith contiguous areas grown by one cell. r.his Generates red, green and blue raster map layers combining hue, intensity, and saturation (his) values from user-specified input raster map layers. r.in.arc Convert an ESRI ARC/INFO ascii raster file (GRID) into a (binary) raster map layer. r.in.ascii Convert an ASCII raster text file into a (binary) raster map layer. r.in.bin Import a binary raster file into a GRASS raster map layer. r.in.gdal Import GDAL supported raster file into a binary raster map layer. r.in.gridatb Imports GRIDATB.FOR map file (TOPMODEL) into GRASS raster map r.in.mat Import a binary MAT-File(v4) to a GRASS raster. r.in.poly Create raster maps from ascii polygon/line data files in the current directory. r.in.srtm Import SRTM HGT files into GRASS r.info Outputs basic information about a user-specified raster map layer. r.kappa Calculate error matrix and kappa parameter for accuracy assessment of classification result. r.le.patch r.le.pixel r.le.setup r.le.setup r.le.trace r.los Line-of-sight raster analysis program. r.mapcalc r.mapcalc r.mapcalculator r.mapcalculator - Calculates new raster map from r.mapcalc expression r.median Finds the median of values in a cover map within areas assigned the same category value in a user-specified base map. r.mfilter Raster file matrix filter. r.mode Finds the mode of values in a cover map within areas assigned the same category value in a user-specified base map. r.neighbors Makes each cell category value a function of the category values assigned to the cells around it, and stores new cell values in an output raster map layer. r.null The function of r.null is to explicitly create the NULL-value bitmap file. r.out.arc Converts a raster map layer into an ESRI ARCGRID file. r.out.ascii Converts a raster map layer into an ASCII text file. r.out.bin Exports a GRASS raster to a binary array. r.out.gdal Exports GRASS raster data into various formats (requires GDAL) r.out.gridatb Exports GRASS raster map to GRIDATB.FOR map file (TOPMODEL) r.out.mat Exports a GRASS raster to a binary MAT-File. r.out.mpeg Raster File Series to MPEG Conversion Program. r.out.png Export GRASS raster as non-georeferenced PNG image format. r.out.pov Converts a raster map layer into a height-field file for POVRAY. r.out.ppm Converts a GRASS raster file to a PPM image file at the pixel resolution of the CURRENTLY DEFINED REGION. r.out.ppm3 Converts 3 GRASS raster layers (R,G,B) to a PPM image file at the pixel resolution of the CURRENTLY DEFINED REGION. r.out.tiff Exports a GRASS raster file to a 8/24bit TIFF image file at the pixel resolution of the currently defined region. r.param.scale Extracts terrain parameters from a DEM. Uses a multi-scalar approach by taking fitting quadratic parameters to any size window (via least squares) r.patch Creates a composite raster map layer by using known category values from one (or more) map layer(s) to fill in areas of "no data" in another map layer. r.plane Creates raster plane map given dip (inclination), aspect (azimuth), and one point r.profile Outputs the raster map layer values lying on user-defined line(s). r.proj Re-project a raster map from one location to the current location. r.quant This routine produces the quantization file for a floating-point map. r.random.cells Generates random cell values with spatial dependence. r.random Creates a raster map layer and vector point map containing randomly located sites. r.random.surface Generates random surface(s) with spatial dependence. r.reclass.area Reclasses a raster map greater or less than user specified area size (in hectares) r.reclass Creates a new map layer whose category values are based upon the user's reclassification of categories in an existing raster map layer. r.recode Recode raster maps. r.region Sets the boundary definitions for a raster map. r.regression.line Calculates linear regression from two raster maps: y = a + b*x r.report Reports statistics for raster map layers. r.resamp.rst Reinterpolates and computes topographic analysis from input raster file to a new raster file (possibly with different resolution) using regularized spline with tension and smoothing. r.resample GRASS raster map layer data resampling capability. r.rescale.eq Rescales histogram equalized the range of categoryvalues in a raster map layer. r.rescale Rescales the range of category values in a raster map layer. r.ros Generates three, or four raster map layers showing 1) the base (perpendicular) rate of spread (ROS), 2) the maximum (forward) ROS, 3) the direction of the maximum ROS, and optionally 4) the maximum potential spotting distance. r.series Makes each output cell value a function of the values assigned to the corresponding cells in the input raster map layers. r.shaded.relief Creates shaded relief map from an elevation map (DEM). r.slope.aspect Generates raster map layers of slope, aspect, curvatures and partial derivatives from a raster map layer of true elevation values. Aspect is calculated counterclockwise from east. r.spread Simulates elliptically anisotropic spread on a graphics window and generates a raster map of the cumulative time of spread, given raster maps containing the rates of spread (ROS), the ROS directions and the spread origins. It optionally produces raster maps to contain backlink UTM coordinates for tracing spread paths. r.spreadpath Recursively traces the least cost path backwards to cells from which the cumulative cost was determined. r.statistics Category or object oriented statistics. r.stats Generates area statistics for raster map layers. r.sum Sums up the raster cell values. r.sun Computes direct (beam), diffuse and reflected solar irradiation raster maps for given day, latitude, surface and atmospheric conditions. Solar parameters (e.g. sunrise, sunset times, declination, extraterrestrial irradiance, daylight length) are saved in a local text file. Alternatively, a local time can be specified to compute solar incidence angle and/or irradiance raster maps. The shadowing effect of the topography is optionally incorporated. r.sunmask Calculates cast shadow areas from sun position and DEM. Either A: exact sun position is specified, or B: date/time to calculate the sun position by r.sunmask itself. r.surf.area Surface area estimation for rasters. r.surf.contour Surface generation program from rasterized contours. r.surf.fractal GRASS module to create a fractal surface of a given fractal dimension. Uses spectral synthesis method. Can create intermediate layers showing the build up of different spectral coefficients (see Saupe, pp.106-107 for an example of this). Use this module to generate naturally looking synthetical elevation models (DEM). r.surf.gauss GRASS module to produce a raster map layer of gaussian deviates whose mean and standard deviation can be expressed by the user. It uses a gaussian random number generator. r.surf.idw Surface interpolation utility for raster map layers. r.surf.idw2 Surface generation program. r.surf.random Produces a raster map layer of uniform random deviates whose range can be expressed by the user. r.terraflow Flow computation for massive grids (Float version). r.texture Generate images with textural features from a raster map r.thin Thins non-zero cells that denote linear features in a raster map layer. r.timestamp Print/add/remove a timestamp for a raster map. r.to.vect Converts a raster map into a vector map layer. r.topidx Creates topographic index, ln(a/tan(beta)), map from elevation map. r.topmodel Simulates TOPMODEL which is a physically based hydrologic model. r.transect Outputs raster map layer values lying along user defined transect line(s). r.univar Calculates univariate statistics from the non-null cells of a raster map. r.univar.sh calculates univariate statistics from a GRASS raster map r.water.outlet Watershed basin creation program. r.watershed Watershed basin analysis program. r.what Queries raster map layers on their category values and category labels.

r3.* commands: r3.in.ascii Convert a 3D ASCII raster text file into a (binary) 3D raster map layer r3.in.v5d import of 3-dimensional Vis5D files (i.e. the v5d file with 1 variable and 1 time step) r3.info Outputs basic information about a user-specified 3D raster map layer. r3.mapcalc r3.mapcalc r3.mask Establishes or removes the current working 3D raster mask. r3.mkdspf r3.null Explicitly create the 3D NULL-value bitmap file. r3.out.ascii Converts a 3D raster map layer into an ASCII text file r3.out.v5d Export of GRASS 3D raster file to 3-dimensional Vis5D file. r3.timestamp print/add/remove a timestamp for a 3D raster map

v.* commands: v.buffer Create a buffer around features of given type (areas must contain centroid). v.build.all v.build.all v.build Creates topology for GRASS vector data. v.build.polylines Build polylines from lines. v.category Attach, delete or report vector categories to map geometry. v.clean Toolset to clean vector topology. v.convert.all v.convert Imports older versions of GRASS vectors. v.db.connect prints/sets DB connection for a vector map v.db.select Print vector attributes v.delaunay Create a Delaunay triangulation from an input vector of points or centroids. v.digit v.distance Find the nearest element in vector 'to' for elements in vector 'from'. Various information about this relation may be uploaded to the attribute table of input vector 'from' or printed to stdout. v.external Create a new vector as a read-only link to OGR layer. Available drivers: v.extract Selects vector objects from an existing vector map and creates a new map containing only the selected objects. If 'list', 'file' and 'where' options are not specified, all features of given type and layer are extracted, categories are not changed in that case. v.hull Uses a GRASS vector points map to produce a convex hull vector map v.in.ascii Convert GRASS ascii file or points file to binary vector. v.in.db Create new vector (points) from database table containing coordinates. v.in.e00 Import of E00 file into a vector map. v.in.garmin Upload Waypoints, Routes, and Tracks from a Garmin GPS receiver into a vector map. v.in.ogr Convert OGR vectors to GRASS. Available drivers: v.in.region Create a new vector from current region. v.in.sites.all v.in.sites Converts a GRASS site_lists file into a vector file. v.info Outputs basic information about a user-specified vector map layer. v.kcv Randomly partition points into test/train sets. v.kernel Generates a raster density map from vector points data using a moving 2D isotropic Gaussian kernel or optionally generates a vector density map on vector network with a 1D kernel v.label Create paint labels for GRASS vector file and attached attributes. v.mkgrid Creates a (binary) GRASS vector map of a user-defined grid. v.neighbors Makes each cell value a function of the attribute values assigned to the vector points or centroids around it, and stores new cell values in an output raster map layer. v.net.alloc Allocate subnets for nearest centres (direction from centre). Centre node must be opened (costs >= 0). Costs of centre node are used in calculation v.net Network maintenance. v.net.iso Split net to bands between cost isolines (direction from centre). Centre node must be opened (costs >= 0). Costs of centre node are used in calculation v.net.path Find shortest path on vector network. Reads start/end pointsfrom standard input in 2 possible formats: v.net.salesman Create a cycle connecting given nodes (Traveling salesman problem). Note that TSP is NP-hard, heuristic algorithm is used by this module and created cycle may be sub optimal. v.net.steiner Create Steiner tree for the network and given terminals. Note that 'Minimum Steiner Tree' problem is NP-hard and heuristic algorithm is used in this module so the the result may be sub optimal. v.normal tests for normality for points. v.out.ascii Convert a GRASS binary vector map to a GRASS ASCII vector map v.out.dxf Exports GRASS vector files to DXF file format. v.out.ogr Convert to OGR format. v.out.pov Convert to POV-Ray format, GRASS x,y,z -> POV-Ray x,z,y v.overlay Overlay 2 vector maps. v.patch Creates a new binary vector map layer by combining other binary vector map layers. v.perturb Random location perturbations of GRASS sites. v.proj Allows projection conversion of vector files. v.qcount indices for quadrat counts of sites lists v.random Randomly generate a GRASS vector points map. v.reclass Changes vector category values for an existing vector map according to results of SQL queries or a value in attribute table column. v.sample Sample a raster file at site locations. v.segment Create points/segments from input lines, and positions read from stdin in format: v.select Select features from ainput by features from binput. v.surf.idw Surface interpolation from sites data by Inverse Distance Squared Weighting. v.surf.rst Interpolation and topographic analysis from given point or contour data in vector format to GRASS floating point raster format using regularized spline with tension. v.to.db Load values from vector to database. In uploaded/printed category values '-1' is used for 'no category' and 'null'/'-' if category cannot be found or multiple categories were found. v.to.points Create points along input lines. v.to.rast Converts a binary GRASS vector map layer into a GRASS raster map layer. v.transform Transforms an vector map layer from one coordinate system into another coordinate system. v.type Change the type of geometry elements. v.univar Calculates univariate statistics for attribute. Variance and standard deviation is calculated only for points. v.vol.rst Interpolates point data to a G3D grid volume using regularized spline with tension (RST) algorithm v.voronoi Create a Voronoi triangulation from an input vector of points or centroids. v.what.rast Upload raster values at positions of vector points to the table.

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