man r.slope.aspect () - Generates raster map layers of slope, aspect, curvatures and partial derivatives from a raster map layer of true elevation values. Aspect is calculated counterclockwise from east.

NAME

r.slope.aspect - Generates raster map layers of slope, aspect, curvatures and partial derivatives from a raster map layer of true elevation values. Aspect is calculated counterclockwise from east.

SYNOPSIS

r.slope.aspect

r.slope.aspect help

r.slope.aspect [-aq] elevation=string [slope=string] [format=string] [prec=string] [aspect=string] [pcurv=string] [tcurv=string] [dx=string] [dy=string] [dxx=string] [dyy=string] [dxy=string] [zfactor=float] [min_slp_allowed=float]

Flags:

"-a
Do not align the current region to the elevation layer
"-q
Quiet

Parameters:

"elevation=string
Raster elevation file name
"slope=string
Output slope filename
"format=string
Format for reporting the slope Options: degrees,percent Default: degrees
"prec=string
Type of output aspect and slope maps Options: default,double,float,int Default: float
"aspect=string
Output aspect filename
"pcurv=string
Output profile curvature filename
"tcurv=string
Output tangential curvature filename
"dx=string
Output first order partial derivative dx (E-W slope) filename
"dy=string
Output first order partial derivative dy (N-S slope) filename
"dxx=string
Output second order partial derivative dxx filename
"dyy=string
Output second order partial derivative dyy filename
"dxy=string
Output second order partial derivative dxy filename
"zfactor=float
Multiplicative factor to convert elevation units to meters Default: 1.0
"min_slp_allowed=float
Minimum slope val. (in percent) for which aspect is computed Default: 0.0

DESCRIPTION

r.slope.aspect generates raster maps of slope, aspect, curvatures and first and second order partial derivatives from a raster map layer of true elevation values. The user must specify the input elevation file name and at least one output file name. The user can also specify the format for slope (degrees, percent; default=degrees), and zfactor: multiplicative factor to convert elevation units to meters; (default 1.0).

Flags:

-a
Do not align the settings of the current geographic region (to which the output slope and aspect map layers will be set) to those of the elevation layer. See NOTES.

The raster elevation map layer specified by the user must contain true elevation values, not rescaled or categorized data. If the elevation values are in feet or other units than meters (with a conversion factor defined in PROJ_UNITS), they must be converted to meters using the parameter zfactor.



The raster aspect map layer which is created indicates the direction that slopes are facing. The aspect categories represent the number degrees of east. Category and color table files are also generated for the aspect map layer. The aspect categories represent the number degrees of east and they increase counterclockwise: 90deg is North, 180 is West, 270 is South and 360 is East.



The resulting raster slope map layer will contain slope values, stated in degrees of inclination from the horizontal if format=degrees option (which is also default ) is chosen, and in percent rise if format=percent option is chosen. The category file, but not the color table, is generated by r.slope.aspect for the raster slope map layer.Profile and tangential curvatures are the curvatures in the direction of steepest slope and in the direction of the contour tangent respectively.

For some applications, the user will wish to use a reclassified map layer of slope that groups slope values into ranges of slope. This can be done using r.reclass. An example of a useful reclassification is given below:

(in degrees) (in percent)



1 0- 1 0- 2%

2 2- 3 3- 5%

3 4- 5 6- 10%

4 6- 8 11- 15%

5 9- 11 16- 20%

6 12- 14 21- 25%

7 15- 90 26% and higher



The following color table works well with the above

reclassification.



category red green blue



0 179 179 179

1 0 102 0

2 0 153 0

3 128 153 0

4 204 179 0

5 128 51 51

6 255 0 0

7 0 0 0



NOTES





To ensure that the raster elevation map layer is not inappropriately resampled,

the settings for the current region are modified slightly (for the execution

of the program only): the resolution is set to match the resolution of

the elevation map and the edges of the region (i.e. the north, south, east

and west) are shifted, if necessary, to line up along edges of the nearest

cells in the elevation map. If the user really wants the elevation map

resampled to the current region resolution, the -a flag should be specified.

The current mask, if set, is ignored.

The algorithm used to determine slope and aspect uses a 3x3 neighborhood

around each cell in the elevation file. Thus, it is not possible to determine

slope and aspect for the cells adjacent to the edges in the elevation map

layer. These cells are assigned a "no data" value (category 0) in both

the slope and aspect raster map layers.

Horn's formula is used to find the derivatives in x and y directions.

Only when using integer elevation models, the aspect is biased in 0,

45, 90, 180, 225, 270, 315, and 360 directions; i.e., the distribution

of aspect categories is very uneven, with peaks at 0, 45,..., 360 categories.



Because most cells with a very small slope end up having category 0,

45,..., 360 it is sometimes possible to reduce bias in these directions

by filtering out computation of aspect in areas where terrain is almost

flat. The new option



min_slp=value



was added (minimum slope for which aspect is computed). The aspect for

all cells with slope < min_slp is set to 0 (no value).



When working with floating point elevation models, no such aspect bias

occurs.



WARNING



(the following may not be true anymore because of introduction of NULL,

but it has not been tested)

Elevations of zero (as well as below sea level elevations) are valid.

This means that areas assigned category value 0 may have one of two possible

meanings: they may either be areas of "no data" or areas having 0 elevation.

If the user wishes r.slope.aspect to assume that cells assigned

category value zero in the elevation map layer represent true elevation

values, not areas of "no data", the user should set the -z flag when running

this program.

If the -z flag is not set and the raster map layer of true elevation

contains areas of "no data" that are assigned to category 0, either at

its edges or in its interior, incorrect (and usually quite large) slopes

will result.



REFERENCE



Horn, B. K. P. (1981). Hill Shading and the Reflectance Map, Proceedings

of the IEEE, 69(1):14-47.



SEE ALSO



r.mapcalc,

r.neighbors,

r.reclass,

r.rescale



AUTHORS



Michael Shapiro, U.S.Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory

Olga Waupotitsch, U.S.Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory



Last changed: $Date: 2004/06/17 07:20:34 $

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