There are two different types of entries in a keystore:

1.

key entries-each holds very sensitive cryptographic key information, which is stored in a protected format to prevent unauthorized access. Typically, a key stored in this type of entry is a secret key, or a private key accompanied by the certificate "chain" for the corresponding public key. The keytool and jarsigner(1) tools only handle the latter type of entry, that is, private keys and their associated certificate chains.

2.

trusted certificate entries-each contains a single public key certificate belonging to another party. It is called a "trusted certificate" because the keystore owner trusts that the public key in the certificate indeed belongs to the identity identified by the "subject" (owner) of the certificate. The issuer of the certificate vouches for this, by signing the certificate.

All keystore entries (key and trusted certificate entries) are accessed via unique aliases. Aliases are case-insensitive; the aliases Hugo and hugo would refer to the same keystore entry.

An alias is specified when you add an entity to the keystore using the -genkey subcommand to generate a key pair (public and private key) or the -import subcommand to add a certificate or certificate chain to the list of trusted certificates. Subsequent keytool commands must use this same alias to refer to the entity.

For example, suppose you use the alias duke to generate a new public/private key pair and wrap the public key into a self-signed certificate (see Certificate Chains) via the following command:

example% keytool -genkey -alias duke -keypass dukekeypasswd

This specifies an inital password of dukekeypasswd required by subsequent commands to access the private key assocated with the alias duke. If you later want to change duke's private key password, you use a command like the following:

This changes the password from "dukekeypasswd" to "newpass".

Please note: A password should not actually be specified on a command line or in a script unless it is for testing purposes, or you are on a secure system. If you don't specify a required password option on a command line, you will be prompted for it. When typing in a password at the password prompt, the password is currently echoed (displayed exactly as typed), so be careful not to type it in front of anyone.

Each keytool command has a -keystore option for specifying the name and location of the persistent keystore file for the keystore managed by keytool. The keystore is by default stored in a file named .keystore in the user's home directory, as determined by the "user.home" system property.

A keystore is created whenever you use a -genkey, -import, or -identitydb subcommand to add data to a keystore that doesn't yet exist.

More specifically, if you specify, in the -keystore option, a keystore that doesn't yet exist, that keystore will be created.

If you don't specify a -keystore option, the default keystore is a file named .keystore in your home directory. If that file does not yet exist, it will be created.

The KeyStore class provided in the java.security package supplies well-defined interfaces to access and modify the information in a keystore. It is possible for there to be multiple different concrete implementations, where each implementation is that for a particular type of keystore.

Currently, there are two command-line tools (keytool and jarsigner(1)) and also a GUI-based tool named policytool. Since KeyStore is publicly available, JDK users can write additional security applications that use it.

There is a built-in default implementation, provided by Sun Microsystems. It implements the keystore as a file, utilizing a proprietary keystore type (format) named "JKS". It protects each private key with its individual password, and also protects the integrity of the entire keystore with a (possibly different) password.

Keystore implementations are provider-based. More specifically, the application interfaces supplied by KeyStore are implemented in terms of a "Service Provider Interface" (SPI). That is, there is a corresponding abstract KeystoreSpi class, also in the java.security package, which defines the Service Provider Interface methods that "providers" must implement. (The term "provider" refers to a package or a set of packages that supply a concrete implementation of a subset of services that can be accessed by the Java Security API.) Thus, to provide a keystore implementation, clients must implement a "provider" and supply a KeystoreSpi subclass implementation, as described in How to Implement a Provider for the Java Cryptography Architecture.

Applications can choose different types of keystore implementations from different providers, using the "getInstance" factory method supplied in the KeyStore class. A keystore type defines the storage and data format of the keystore information, and the algorithms used to protect private keys in the keystore and the integrity of the keystore itself. Keystore implementations of different types are not compatible.

keytool works on any file-based keystore implementation. (It treats the keytore location that is passed to it at the command line as a filename and converts it to a FileInputStream, from which it loads the keystore information.) The jarsigner(1) and policytool tools, on the other hand, can read a keystore from any location that can be specified using a URL.

For keytool and jarsigner(1), you can specify a keystore type at the command line, via the -storetype option. For Policy Tool, you can specify a keystore type via the "Change Keystore" command in the Edit menu.

If you don't explicitly specify a keystore type, the tools choose a keystore implementation based simply on the value of the keystore.type property specified in the security properties file. The security properties file is called java.security, and it resides in the JDK security properties directory, java.home/lib/security, where java.home is the JDK installation directory.

Each tool gets the keystore.type value and then examines all the currently-installed providers until it finds one that implements keystores of that type. It then uses the keystore implementation from that provider.

The KeyStore class defines a static method named getDefaultType that lets applications and applets retrieve the value of the keystore.type property. The following line of code creates an instance of the default keystore type (as specified in the keystore.type property):

KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance(KeyStore.getDefaultType());

The default keystore type is "jks" (the proprietary type of the keystore implementation provided by Sun). This is specified by the following line in the security properties file:

keystore.type=jks

To have the tools utilize a keystore implementation other than the default, you can change that line to specify a different keystore type.

For example, if you have a provider package that supplies a keystore implementation for a keystore type called "pkcs12", change the line to

keystore.type=pkcs12

Note: case doesn't matter in keystore type designations. For example, "JKS" would be considered the same as "jks".

keytool allows users to specify any key pair generation and signature algorithm supplied by any of the registered cryptographic service providers. That is, the -keyalg and -sigalg options for various subcommands must be supported by a provider implementation. The default key pair generation algorithm is "DSA". The signature algorithm is derived from the algorithm of the underlying private key: If the underlying private key is of type "DSA", the default signature algorithm is "SHA1withDSA", and if the underlying private key is of type "RSA", the default signature algorithm is "MD5withRSA".

When generating a DSA key pair, the key size must be in the range from 512 to 1024 bits, and must be a multiple of 64. The default key size for any algorithm is 1024 bits.

A certificate (also known as a public-key certificate) is a digitally signed statement from one entity (the issuer), saying that the public key (and some other information) of another entity (the subject) has some

Let us expand on some of the key terms used in this sentence:

Public Keys

These are numbers associated with a particular entity, and are intended to be known to everyone who needs to have trusted interactions with that entity. Public keys are used to verify signatures.

Digitally Signed

If some data is digitally signed it has been stored with the "identity" of an entity, and a signature that proves that entity knows about the data. The data is rendered unforgeable by signing with the entity's private key.

Identity

A known way of addressing an entity. In some systems the identity is the public key, in others it can be anything from a Unix UID to an Email address to an X.509 Distinguished Name.

Signature

A signature is computed over some data using the private key of an entity (the signer, which in the case of a certificate is also known as the issuer).

Private Keys

These are numbers, each of which is supposed to be known only to the particular entity whose private key it is (that is, it's supposed to be kept secret). Private and public keys exist in pairs in all public key cryptography systems (also referred to as "public key crypto systems"). In a typical public key crypto system, such as DSA, a private key corresponds to exactly one public key. Private keys are used to compute signatures.

Entity

An entity is a person, organization, program, computer, business, bank, or something else you are trusting to some degree.

Basically, public key cryptography requires access to users' public keys. In a large-scale networked environment it is impossible to guarantee that prior relationships between communicating entities have been established or that a trusted repository exists with all used public keys. Certificates were invented as a solution to this public key distribution problem. Now a Certification Authority (CA) can act as a trusted third party. CAs are entities (for example, businesses) that are trusted to sign (issue) certificates for other entities. It is assumed that CAs will only create valid and reliable certificates, as they are bound by legal agreements. There are many public Certification Authorities, such as VeriSign, Thawte, Entrust, and so on. You can also run your own Certification Authority using products such as the Netscape/Microsoft Certificate Servers or the Entrust CA product for your organization.

Using keytool, it is possible to display, import, and export certificates. It is also possible to generate self-signed certificates.

keytool currently handles X.509 certificates.

The X.509 standard defines what information can go into a certificate, and describes how to write it down (the data format). All X.509 certificates have the following data, in addition to the signature:

Version This identifies which version of the X.509 standard applies to this certificate, which affects what information can be specified in it. Thus far, three versions are defined. keytool can import and export v1, v2, and v3 certificates. It generates v1 certificates. Serial Number The entity that created the certificate is responsible for assigning it a serial number to distinguish it from other certificates it issues. This information is used in numerous ways, for example when a certificate is revoked its serial number is placed in a Certificate Revocation List (CRL). Signature Algorithm Identifier This identifies the algorithm used by the CA to sign the certificate. Issuer Name The X.500 Distinguished Name of the entity that signed the certificate. This is normally a CA. Using this certificate implies trusting the entity that signed this certificate. (Note that in some cases, such as root or top-level CA certificates, the issuer signs its own certificate.) Validity Period Each certificate is valid only for a limited amount of time. This period is described by a start date and time and an end date and time, and can be as short as a few seconds or almost as long as a century. The validity period chosen depends on a number of factors, such as the strength of the private key used to sign the certificate or the amount one is willing to pay for a certificate. This is the expected period that entities can rely on the public value, if the associated private key has not been compromised. Subject Name The name of the entity whose public key the certificate identifies. This name uses the X.500 standard, so it is intended to be unique across the Internet. This is the X.500 Distinguished Name (DN) of the entity, for example,

CN=Java Duke, OU=Java Software Division, O=Sun Microsystems Inc, C=US

(These refer to the subject's Common Name, Organizational Unit, Organization, and Country.) Subject Public Key Information This is the public key of the entity being named, together with an algorithm identifier which specifies which public key crypto system this key belongs to and any associated key parameters.

X.509 Version 1 has been available since 1988, is widely deployed, and is the most generic.

X.509 Version 2 introduced the concept of subject and issuer unique identifiers to handle the possibility of reuse of subject and/or issuer names over time. Most certificate profile documents strongly recommend that names not be reused, and that certificates should not make use of unique identifiers. Version 2 certificates are not widely used.

X.509 Version 3 is the most recent (1996) and supports the notion of extensions, whereby anyone can define an extension and include it in the certificate. Some common extensions in use today are: KeyUsage (limits the use of the keys to particular purposes such as "signing-only") and AlternativeNames (allows other identities to also be associated with this public key, for example, DNS names, Email addresses, IP addresses). Extensions can be marked critical to indicate that the extension should be checked and enforced/used. For example, if a certificate has the KeyUsage extension marked critical and set to "keyCertSign" then if this certificate is presented during SSL communication, it should be rejected, as the certificate extension indicates that the associated private key should only be used for signing certificates and not for SSL use.

All the data in a certificate is encoded using two related standards called ASN.1/DER. Abstract Syntax Notation 1 describes data. The Definite Encoding Rules describe a single way to store and transfer that data.

X.500 Distinguished Names are used to identify entities, such as those which are named by the subject and issuer (signer) fields of X.509 certificates. keytool supports the following subparts:

•

commonName-common name of a person, for example, "Susan Jones"

•

organizationUnit-small organization (for example, department or division) name, such as, "Purchasing"

• organizationName-large organization

name, for example, "ABCSystems, Inc."

•

localityName-locality (city) name, for example, "Palo Alto"

•

stateName-state or province name, for example, "California"

•

country-two-letter country code, for example, "CH"

When supplying a distinguished name string as the value of a -dname option, as for the -genkey or -selfcert subcommands, the string must be in the following format:

CN=cName, OU=orgUnit, O=org, L=city, S=state, C=countryCode

where all the italicized items represent actual values and the above keywords are abbreviations for the following:

CN=commonName
OU=organizationUnit
O=organizationName
L=localityName
S=stateName
C=country

A sample distinguished name string is

CN=Mark Smith, OU=Java, O=Sun, L=Cupertino, S=California, C=US

and a sample command using such a string is

example% keytool -genkey -dname "CN=Mark Smith, OU=Java, 
O=Sun, L=Cupertino, S=California, C=US" -alias mark

Case does not matter for the keyword abbreviations. For example, CN, cn, and Cn are all treated the same.

Order matters; each subcomponent must appear in the designated order. However, it is not necessary to have all the subcomponents. You may use a subset, for example:

CN=Steve Meier, OU=SunSoft, O=Sun, C=US

If a distinguished name string value contains a comma, it must be escaped by a "\" character when you specify the string on a command line, as in

cn=peter schuster, o=Sun Microsystems\, Inc., o=sun, c=us

It is never necessary to specify a distinguished name string on a command line. If it is needed for a command, but not supplied on the command line, the user is prompted for each of the subcomponents. In this case, a comma does not need to be escaped by a "\"

Certificates are often stored using the printable encoding format defined by the Internet RFC 1421 standard, instead of their binary encoding. This certificate format, also known as "Base 64 encoding", facilitates exporting certificates to other applications by email or through some other mechanism.

Certificates read by the -import and -printcert subcommands can be in either this format or binary encoded.

The -export subcommand by default outputs a certificate in binary encoding, but will instead output a certificate in the printable encoding format, if the -rfc option is specified.

The -list subcommand by default prints the MD5 fingerprint of a certificate. If the -v option is specified, the certificate is printed in human-readable format, while if the -rfc option is specified, the certificate is output in the printable encoding format.

In its printable encoding format, the encoded certificate is bounded at the beginning by

-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----

and at the end by

-----END CERTIFICATE-----

keytool can create and manage keystore "key" entries that each contain a private key and an associated certificate "chain". The first certificate in the chain contains the public key corresponding to the private key.

When keys are first generated (see the -genkey subcommand), the chain starts off containing a single element, a self-signed certificate. A self-signed certificate is one for which the issuer (signer) is the same as the subject (the entity whose public key is being authenticated by the certificate). Whenever the -genkey subcommand is called to generate a new public/private key pair, it also wraps the public key into a self-signed certificate.

Later, after a Certificate Signing Request (CSR) has been generated (see the -certreq subcommand) and sent to a Certification Authority (CA), the response from the CA is imported (see -import), and the self-signed certificate is replaced by a chain of certificates. At the bottom of the chain is the certificate (reply) issued by the CA authenticating the subject's public key. The next certificate in the chain is one that authenticates the CA's public key.

In many cases, this is a self-signed certificate (that is, a certificate from the CA authenticating its own public key) and the last certificate in the chain. In other cases, the CA may return a chain of certificates. In this case, the bottom certificate in the chain is the same (a certificate signed by the CA, authenticating the public key of the key entry), but the second certificate in the chain is a certificate signed by a different CA, authenticating the public key of the CA you sent the CSR to. Then, the next certificate in the chain will be a certificate authenticating the second CA's key, and so on, until a self-signed "root" certificate is reached. Each certificate in the chain (after the first) thus authenticates the public key of the signer of the previous certificate in the chain.

Many CAs only return the issued certificate, with no supporting chain, especially when there is a flat hierarchy (no intermediates CAs). In this case, the certificate chain must be established from trusted certificate information already stored in the keystore.

A different reply format (defined by the PKCS#7 standard) also includes the supporting certificate chain, in addition to the issued certificate. Both reply formats can be handled by keytool.

The top-level (root) CA certificate is self-signed. However, the trust into the root's public key does not come from the root certificate itself (anybody could generate a self-signed certificate with the distinguished name of say, the VeriSign root CA!), but from other sources like a newspaper. The root CA public key is widely known. The only reason it is stored in a certificate is because this is the format understood by most tools, so the certificate in this case is only used as a "vehicle" to transport the root CA's public key. Before you add the root CA certificate to your keystore, you should view it (using the -printcert option) and compare the displayed fingerprint with the well-known fingerprint (obtained from a newspaper, the root CA's webpage, and so forth).

To import a certificate from a file, use the -import subcommand, as in

example% keytool -import -alias joe -file jcertfile.cer

This sample command imports the certificate(s) in the file jcertfile.cer and stores it in the keystore entry identified by the alias joe.

You import a certificate for two reasons:

1.

to add it to the list of trusted certificates, or

2.

to import a certificate reply received from a CA as the result of submitting a Certificate Signing Request (see the -certreq subcommand) to that CA.

Which type of import is intended is indicated by the value of the -alias option. If the alias exists in the database, and identifies an entry with a private key, then it is assumed you want to import a certificate reply. keytool checks whether the public key in the certificate reply matches the public key stored with the alias, and exits if they are different. If the alias identifies the other type of keystore entry, the certificate will not be imported. If the alias does not exist, then it will be created and associated with the imported certificate.

WARNING Regarding Importing Trusted Certificates

IMPORTANT: Be sure to check a certificate very carefully before importing it as a trusted certificate!

View it first (using the -printcert subcommand, or the -import subcommand without the -noprompt option), and make sure that the displayed certificate fingerprint(s) match the expected ones. For example, suppose someone sends or emails you a certificate, and you put it in a file named /tmp/cert.Beforeyou consider adding the certificate to your list of trusted certificates, you can execute a -printcert subcommand to view its fingerprints, as in

example% keytool -printcert -file /tmp/cert
Owner: CN=ll, OU=ll, O=ll, L=ll, S=ll, C=ll
Issuer: CN=ll, OU=ll, O=ll, L=ll, S=ll, C=ll
Serial Number: 59092b34
Valid from: Thu Sep 25 18:01:13 PDT 1997 until: Wed Dec 24 17:01:13 PST 1997
Certificate Fingerprints:
MD5:  11:81:AD:92:C8:E5:0E:A2:01:2E:D4:7A:D7:5F:07:6F
SHA1: 20:B6:17:FA:EF:E5:55:8A:D0:71:1F:E8:D6:9D:C0:37:13:0E:5E:FE

Then call or otherwise contact the person who sent the certificate, and compare the fingerprint(s) that you see with the ones that they show. Only if the fingerprints are equal is it guaranteed that the certificate has not been replaced in transit with somebody else's (for example, an attacker's) certificate. If such an attack took place, and you did not check the certificate before you imported it, you would end up trusting anything the attacker has signed (for example, a JAR file with malicious class files inside).

Note: it is not required that you execute a -printcert subcommand prior to importing a certificate, since before adding a certificate to the list of trusted certificates in the keystore, the -import subcommand prints out the certificate information and prompts you to verify it. You then have the option of aborting the import operation. Note, however, this is only the case if you invoke the -import subcommand without the -noprompt option. If the -noprompt option is given, there is no interaction with the user.

To export a certificate to a file, use the -export subcommand, as in

example% keytool -export -alias jane -file janecertfile.cer

This sample command exports jane's certificate to the file janecertfile.cer. That is, if jane is the alias for a key entry, the command exports the certificate at the bottom of the certificate chain in that keystore entry. This is the certificate that authenticates jane's public key.

If, instead, jane is the alias for a trusted certificate entry, then that trusted certificate is exported.

To print out the contents of a keystore entry, use the -list subcommand, as in

example% keytool -list -alias joe

If you don't specify an alias, as in

example% keytool -list

the contents of the entire keystore are printed.

To display the contents of a certificate stored in a file, use the -printcert subcommand, as in

example% keytool -printcert -file certfile.cer

This displays information about the certificate stored in the file certfile.cer.

Note: This works independently of a keystore, that is, you do not need a keystore in order to display a certificate that's stored in a file.

A self-signed certificate is one for which the issuer (signer) is the same as the subject (the entity whose public key is being authenticated by the certificate). Whenever the -genkey subcommand is called to generate a new public/private key pair, it also wraps the public key into a self-signed certificate.

You may occasionally wish to generate a new self-signed certificate. For example, you may want to use the same key pair under a different identity (distinguished name). For example, suppose you change departments. You can then:

1.

copy (clone) the original key entry. See -keyclone.

2.

generate a new self-signed certificate for the cloned entry, using your new distinguished name. See below.

3.

generate a Certificate Signing Requests for the cloned entry, and import the reply certificate or certificate chain. See the -certreq and -import subcommand.

4.

delete the original (now obsolete) entry. See -delete.

To generate a self-signed certificate, use the -selfcert subcommand, as in

example% keytool -selfcert -alias dukeNew -keypass b92kqmp
-dname "cn=Duke Smith, ou=Purchasing, o=BlueSoft, c=US"

The generated certificate is stored as a single-element certificate chain in the keystore entry identified by the specified alias (in this case dukeNew) where it replaces the existing certificate chain.

Below are the defaults for various option values.

-alias "mykey"
-keyalg "DSA"
-keysize 1024
-validity 90
-keystore the file named .keystore in the user's home directory
-file stdin if reading, stdout if writing

The signature algorithm ( -sigalg option) is derived from the algorithm of the underlying private key: If the underlying private key is of type "DSA", the -sigalg private key is of type "RSA", -sigalg defaults to "MD5withRSA".

The -v option can appear for all subcommands except -help. If it appears, it signifies "verbose" mode; detailed certificate information will be output.

There is also a -Jjavaoption option that may appear for any subcommand. If it appears, the specified -javaoption string is passed through directly to the Java interpreter. (keytool is actually a "wrapper" around the interpreter.) This option should not contain any spaces. It is useful for adjusting the execution environment or memory usage. For a list of possible interpreter options, type java -h or java -X at the command line.

There are three options that may appear for all subcommands operating on a keystore:

-storetype storetype

This qualifier specifies the type of keystore to be instantiated. The default keystore type is the one that is specified as the value of the "keystore.type" property in the security properties file, which is returned by the static getDefaultType method in java.security.KeyStore.

-keystore keystore

The keystore (database file) location. Defaults to the file .keystore in the user's home directory, as determined by the user.home system property.

-storepass storepass

The password which is used to protect the integrity of the keystore. storepass must be at least 6 characters long. It must be provided to all subcommands that access the keystore contents. For such subcommands, if a -storepass option is not provided at the command line, the user is prompted for it.

-provider provider_class_name

Used to specify the name of the cryptographic service provider's master class file when the service provider is not listed in the security properties file.

When retrieving information from the keystore, the password is optional; if no password is given, the integrity of the retrieved information cannot be checked and a warning is displayed.

Be careful with passwords: See Warning Regarding Passwords.

Most subcommands operating on a keystore require the store password. Some subcommands require a private key password.

Passwords can be specified on the command line (in the -storepass and -keypass options, respectively). However, a password should not be specified on a command line or in a script unless it is for testing purposes, or you are on a secure system.

If you don't specify a required password option on a command line, you will be prompted for it. When typing in a password at the password prompt, the password is currently echoed (displayed exactly as typed), so be careful not to type it in front of anyone.

See also USAGE.

-genkey {-alias alias} {-keyalg keyalg} {-keysize keysize}

{-sigalg sigalg} [-dname dname] [-keypass keypass] {-validity valDays} {-storetype storetype} {-keystore keystore} [-storepass storepass] [-provider provider_class_name] {-v} {-Jjavaoption}

Generates a key pair (a public key and associated private key). Wraps the public key into an X.509 v1 self-signed certificate, which is stored as a single-element certificate chain. This certificate chain and the private key are stored in a new keystore entry identified by alias.

keyalg specifies the algorithm to be used to generate the key pair, and keysize specifies the size of each key to be generated. sigalg specifies the algorithm that should be used to sign the self-signed certificate; this algorithm must be compatible with keyalg. See Supported Algorithms and Key Sizes.

dname specifies the X.500 Distinguished Name to be associated with alias, and is used as the issuer and subject fields in the self-signed certificate. If no distinguished name is provided at the command line, the user will be prompted for one.

keypass is a password used to protect the private key of the generated key pair. If no password is provided, the user is prompted for it. If you press RETURN at the prompt, the key password is set to the same password as that used for the keystore. keypass must be at least 6 characters long. Be careful with passwords: See Warning Regarding Passwords.

valDays tells the number of days for which the certificate should be considered valid.

-import {-alias alias} {-file cert_file} [-keypass keypass]

{-noprompt} {-trustcacerts} {-storetype storetype} {-keystore keystore} [-storepass storepass] [-provider provider_class_name] {-v} {-Jjavaoption}

Reads the certificate or certificate chain (where the latter is supplied in a PKCS#7 formatted reply) from the file cert_file, and stores it in the keystore entry identified by alias given, the certificate or PKCS#7 reply is read from stdin. keytool can import X.509 v1, v2, and v3 certificates, and PKCS#7 formatted certificate chains consisting of certificates of that type. The data to be imported must be provided either in binary encoding format, or in printable encoding format (also known as Base64 encoding) as defined by the Internet RFC 1421 standard. In the latter case, the encoding must be bounded at the beginning by a string that starts with "-----BEGIN", and bounded at the end by a string that starts with "-----END".

When importing a new trusted certificate, alias must not yet exist in the keystore. Before adding the certificate to the keystore, keytool tries to verify it by attempting to construct a chain of trust from that certificate to a self-signed certificate (belonging to a root CA), using trusted certificates that are already available in the keystore.

If the -trustcacerts option has been specified, additional certificates are considered for the chain of trust, namely the certificates in a file named cacerts, which resides in the JDK security properties directory, java.home/lib/security, where is the JDK installation directory. The cacerts file represents a system-wide keystore with CA certificates. System administrators can configure and manage that file using keytool, specifying "jks" as the keystore type. The cacerts keystore file ships with five VeriSign root CA certificates with the following X.500 distinguished names:

1.

OU=Class 1 Public Primary Certification Authority, O="VeriSign, Inc.", C=US

2.

OU=Class 2 Public Primary Certification Authority, O="VeriSign, Inc.", C=US

3.

OU=Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority, O="VeriSign, Inc.", C=US

4.

OU=Class 4 Public Primary Certification Authority, O="VeriSign, Inc.", C=US

5.

OU=Secure Server Certification Authority, O="RSA Data Security, Inc.", C=US

The initial password of the cacerts keystore file is "changeit". System administrators should change that password and the default access permission of that file upon installing the JDK.

If keytool fails to establish a trust path from the certificate to be imported up to a self-signed certificate (either from the keystore or the cacerts file), the certificate information is printed out, and the user is prompted to verify it, for example, by comparing the displayed certificate fingerprints with the fingerprints obtained from some other (trusted) source of information, which might be the certificate owner himself/herself. Be very careful to ensure the certificate is valid prior to importing it as a "trusted" certificate! -- see WARNING Re: Importing Trusted Certificates. The user then has the option of aborting the import operation. If the -noprompt option is given, however, there will be no interaction with the user.

When importing a certificate reply, the certificate reply is validated using trusted certificates from the keystore, and optionally using the certificates configured in the cacerts keystore file (if the -trustcacerts option was specified).

If the reply is a single X.509 certificate, keytool attempts to establish a trust chain, starting at the certificate reply and ending at a self-signed certificate (belonging to a root CA). The certificate reply and the hierarchy of certificates used to authenticate the certificate reply form the new certificate chain of alias.

If the reply is a PKCS#7 formatted certificate chain, the chain is first ordered (with the user certificate first and the self-signed root CA certificate last), before keytool attempts to match the root CA certificate provided in the reply with any of the trusted certificates in the keystore or the cacerts keystore file (if the -trustcacerts option was specified). If no match can be found, the information of the root CA certificate is printed out, and the user is prompted to verify it, for example, by comparing the displayed certificate fingerprints with the fingerprints obtained from some other (trusted) source of information, which might be the root CA itself. The user then has the option of aborting the import operation. If the -noprompt option is given, however, there will be no interaction with the user.

The new certificate chain of alias replaces the old certificate chain associated with this entry. The old chain can only be replaced if a valid keypass, the password used to protect the private key of the entry, is supplied. If no password is provided, and the private key password is different from the keystore password, the user is prompted for it. Be careful with passwords: See Warning Regarding Passwords.

-selfcert {-alias alias} {-sigalg sigalg} {-dname dname}

{-validity valDays} [-keypass keypass] {-storetype storetype} {-keystore keystore} [-storepass storepass] [-provider provider_class_name] {-v} {-Jjavaoption}

Generates an X.509 v1 self-signed certificate, using keystore information including the private key and public key associated with alias. If dname is supplied at the command line, it is used as the X.500 Distinguished Name for both the issuer and subject of the certificate. Otherwise, the X.500 Distinguished Name associated with alias (at the bottom of its existing certificate chain) is used.

The generated certificate is stored as a single-element certificate chain in the keystore entry identified by alias, where it replaces the existing certificate chain.

sigalg specifies the algorithm that should be used to sign the certificate. See Supported Algorithms and Key Sizes.

In order to access the private key, the appropriate password must be provided, since private keys are protected in the keystore with a password. If keypass is not provided at the command line, and is different from the password used to protect the integrity of the keystore, the user is prompted for it. Be careful with passwords: See Warning Regarding Passwords.

valDays tells the number of days for which the certificate should be considered valid.

[-storepass storepass] [-provider provider_class_name] {-v} {-Jjavaoption}

Reads the JDK 1.1.x-style identity database from the file idb_file, and adds its entries to the keystore. If no file is given, the identity database is read from stdin. If a keystore does not exist, it is created.

Only identity database entries ("identities") that were marked as trusted will be imported in the keystore. All other identities will be ignored. For each trusted identity, a keystore entry will be created. The identity's name is used as the alias for the keystore entry.

The private keys from trusted identities will all be encrypted under the same password, storepass. This is the same password that is used to protect the keystore's integrity. Users can later assign individual passwords to those private keys by using the -keypasswd keytool command option.

An identity in an identity database may hold more than one certificate, each certifying the same public key. But a keystore key entry for a private key has that private key and a single "certificate chain" (initially just a single certificate), where the first certificate in the chain contains the public key corresponding to the private key. When importing the information from an identity, only the first certificate of the identity is stored in the keystore. This is because an identity's name in an identity database is used as the alias for its corresponding keystore entry, and alias names are unique within a keystore,

{-storetype storetype} {-keystore keystore} [-storepass storepass] [-provider provider_class_name] {-v} {-Jjavaoption}

Generates a Certificate Signing Request (CSR), using the PKCS#10 format.

A CSR is intended to be sent to a certificate authority (CA). The CA will authenticate the certificate requestor (usually off-line) and will return a certificate or certificate chain, used to replace the existing certificate chain (which initially consists of a self-signed certificate) in the keystore.

The private key and X.500 Distinguished Name associated with alias are used to create the PKCS#10 certificate request. In order to access the private key, the appropriate password must be provided, since private keys are protected in the keystore with a password. If keypass is not provided at the command line, and is different from the password used to protect the integrity of the keystore, the user is prompted for it.

Be careful with passwords: See Warning Regarding Passwords.

sigalg specifies the algorithm that should be used to sign the CSR. See Supported Algorithms and Key Sizes.

The CSR is stored in the file certreq_file. If no file is given, the CSR is output to stdout.

Use the import command to import the response from the CA.

[-storepass storepass] [-provider provider_class_name] {-rfc} {-v} {-Jjavaoption}

Reads (from the keystore) the certificate associated with alias, and stores it in the file cert_file.

If no file is given, the certificate is output to stdout.

The certificate is by default output in binary encoding, but will instead be output in the printable encoding format, as defined by the Internet RFC 1421 standard, if the -rfc option is specified.

If alias refers to a trusted certificate, that certificate is output. Otherwise, alias refers to a key entry with an associated certificate chain. In that case, the first certificate in the chain is returned. This certificate authenticates the public key of the entity addressed by alias.

[-provider provider_class_name] {-v | -rfc} {-Jjavaoption}

Prints (to stdout) the contents of the keystore entry identified by alias. If no alias is specified, the contents of the entire keystore are printed.

This subcommand by default prints the MD5 fingerprint of a certificate. If the -v option is specified, the certificate is printed in human-readable format, with additional information such as the owner, issuer, and serial number. If the -rfc option is specified, certificate contents are printed using the printable encoding format, as defined by the Internet RFC 1421 standard

You cannot specify both -v and -rfc.

-printcert {-file cert_file} {-v} {-Jjavaoption}

Reads the certificate from the file cert_file, and prints its contents in a human-readable format. If no file is given, the certificate is read from stdin.

The certificate may be either binary encoded or in printable encoding format, as defined by the Internet RFC 1421 standard.

Note: This option can be used independently of a keystore.

{-storetype storetype} {-keystore keystore} [-storepass storepass] [-provider provider_class_name] {-v} {-Jjavaoption}

Creates a new keystore entry, which has the same private key and certificate chain as the original entry.

The original entry is identified by alias (which defaults to "mykey" if not provided). The new (destination) entry is identified by dest_alias. If no destination alias is supplied at the command line, the user is prompted for it.

If the private key password is different from the keystore password, then the entry will only be cloned if a valid keypass is supplied. This is the password used to protect the private key associated with alias. If no key password is supplied at the command line, and the private key password is different from the keystore password, the user is prompted for it. The private key in the cloned entry may be protected with a different password, if desired. If no -new option is supplied at the command line, the user is prompted for the new entry's password (and may choose to let it be the same as for the cloned entry's private key).

Be careful with passwords: See Warning Regarding Passwords.

This subcommand can be used to establish multiple certificate chains corresponding to a given key pair, or for backup purposes.

-storepasswd {-new new_storepass} {-storetype storetype}

{-keystore keystore} [-storepass storepass] [-provider provider_class_name] {-v} {-Jjavaoption}

Changes the password used to protect the integrity of the keystore contents. The new password is new_storepass, which must be at least 6 characters long.

Be careful with passwords: Warning Regarding Passwords.

-keypasswd {-alias alias} [-keypass old_keypass]

[-new new_keypass] {-storetype storetype} {-keystore keystore} [-storepass storepass] [-provider provider_class_name] {-v} {-Jjavaoption}

Changes the password under which the private key identified by alias is protected, from old_keypass to new_keypass.

If the -keypass option is not provided at the command line, and the private key password is different from the keystore password, the user is prompted for it.

If the -new option is not provided at the command line, the user is prompted for it.

Be careful with passwords: See Warning Regarding Passwords.

-delete [-alias alias] {-storetype storetype}

{-keystore keystore} [-storepass storepass] [-provider provider_class_name] {-v} {-Jjavaoption}

Deletes from the keystore the entry identified by alias. The user is prompted for the alias, if no alias is provided at the command line.

-help

The first thing you need to do is create a keystore and generate the key pair. You could use a command such as the following:

example% keytool -genkey -dname "cn=Mark Jones, ou=Java, o=Sun, c=US"
-alias business -keypass kpi135 -keystore /working/mykeystore
-storepass ab987c -validity 180

(Please note: This must be typed as a single line. Multiple lines are used in the examples just for legibility purposes.)

This command creates the keystore named mykeystore in the working directory (assuming it does not already exist), and assigns it the password ab987c. It generates a public/private key pair for the entity whose "distinguished name" has a common name of MarkJones, organizational unit of Java, organization of Sun and two-letter country code of US. It uses the default "DSA" key generation algorithm to create the keys, both 1024 bits long.

It creates a self-signed certificate (using the default "SHA1withDSA" signature algorithm) that includes the public key and the distinguished name information. This certificate will be valid for 180 days, and is associated with the private key in a keystore entry referred to by the alias business. The private key is assigned the password kpi135.

The command could be significantly shorter if option defaults were accepted. As a matter of fact, no options are required; defaults are used for unspecified options that have default values, and you are prompted for any required values. Thus, you could simply have the following:

example% keytool -genkey

In this case, a keystore entry with alias mykey is created, with a newly-generated key pair and a certificate that is valid for 90 days. This entry is placed in the keystore named .keystore in your home directory. (The keystore is created if it doesn't already exist.) You will be prompted for the distinguished name information, the keystore password, and the private key password.

The rest of the examples assume you executed the -genkey command without options specified, and that you responded to the prompts with values equal to those given in the first -genkey command, above (a private key password of kpi135, and so forth.)

So far all we've got is a self-signed certificate. A certificate is more likely to be trusted by others if it is signed by a Certification Authority (CA). To get such a signature, you first generate a Certificate Signing Request (CSR), via the following:

example% keytool -certreq -file MarkJ.csr

This creates a CSR (for the entity identified by the default alias mykey and puts the request in the file named MarkJ.csr. Submit this file to a CA, such as VeriSign, Inc. The CA will authenticate you, the requestor (usually off-line), and then will return a certificate, signed by them, authenticating your public key. (In some cases, they will actually return a chain of certificates, each one authenticating the public key of the signer of the previous certificate in the chain.)

You need to replace your self-signed certificate with a certificate chain, where each certificate in the chain authenticates the public key of the signer of the previous certificate in the chain, up to a "root" CA.

Before you import the certificate reply from a CA, you need one or more "trusted certificates" in your keystore or in the cacerts keystore file (which is described in importcommand):

•

If the certificate reply is a certificate chain, you just need the top certificate of the chain (that is, the "root" CA certificate authenticating that CA's public key).

•

If the certificate reply is a single certificate, you need a certificate for the issuing CA (the one that signed it), and if that certificate is not self-signed, you need a certificate for its signer, and so on, up to a self-signed "root" CA certificate.

The cacerts keystore file ships with five VeriSign root CA certificates, so you probably won't need to import a VeriSign certificate as a trusted certificate in your keystore. But if you request a signed certificate from a different CA, and a certificate authenticating that CA's public key hasn't been added to cacerts, you will need to import a certificate from the CA as a "trusted certificate".

A certificate from a CA is usually either self-signed, or signed by another CA (in which case you also need a certificate authenticating that CA's public key). Suppose company ABC, Inc., is a CA, and you obtain a file named ABCCA.cer that is purportedly a self-signed certificate from ABC, authenticating that CA's public key.

Be very careful to ensure the certificate is valid prior to importing it as a "trusted" certificate! View it first (using the -printcert subcommand, or the -import subcommand without the -noprompt option), and make sure that the displayed certificate fingerprint(s) match the expected ones. You can call the person who sent the certificate, and compare the fingerprint(s) that you see with the ones that they show (or that a secure public key repository shows). Only if the fingerprints are equal is it guaranteed that the certificate has not been replaced in transit with somebody else's (for example, an attacker's) certificate. If such an attack took place, and you did not check the certificate before you imported it, you would end up trusting anything the attacker has signed.

If you trust that the certificate is valid, then you can add it to your keystore via the following:

example% keytool -import -alias abc -file ABCCA.cer

This creates a "trusted certificate" entry in the keystore, with the data from the file ABCCA.cer, and assigns the alias abc to the entry.

Once you've imported a certificate authenticating the public key of the CA you submitted your certificate signing request to (or there's already such a certificate in the cacerts file), you can import the certificate reply and thereby replace your self-signed certificate with a certificate chain. This chain is the one returned by the CA in response to your request (if the CA reply is a chain), or one constructed (if the CA reply is a single certificate) using the certificate reply and trusted certificates that are already available in the keystore where you import the reply or in the cacerts keystore file.

For example, suppose you sent your certificate signing request to VeriSign. You can then import the reply via the following, which assumes the returned certificate is named VSMarkJ.cer:

example% keytool -import -trustcacerts -file VSMarkJ.cer

Suppose you have used the jarsigner(1) tool to sign a Java ARchive (JAR) file. Clients that want to use the file will want to authenticate your signature.

One way they can do this is by first importing your public key certificate into their keystore as a "trusted" entry. You can export the certificate and supply it to your clients. As an example, you can copy your certificate to a file named MJ.cer via the following, assuming the entry is aliased by mykey:

example% keytool -export -alias mykey -file MJ.cer

Given that certificate, and the signed JAR file, a client can use the jarsigner(1) tool to authenticate your signature.

Suppose your distinguished name changes, for example because you have changed departments or moved to a different city. If desired, you may still use the public/private key pair you've previously used, and yet update your distinguished name. For example, suppose your name is Susan Miller, and you created your initial key entry with the alias sMiller and the distinguished name

"cn=Susan Miller, ou=Finance Department, o=BlueSoft, c=us"

Suppose you change from the Finance Department to the Accounting Department. You can still use the previously-generated public/private key pair and yet update your distinguished name by doing the following. First, copy (clone) your key entry:

example% keytool -keyclone -alias sMiller -dest sMillerNew

(This prompts for the store password and for the initial and destination private key passwords, since they aren't provided at the command line.) Now you need to change the certificate chain associated with the copy, so that the first certificate in the chain uses your different distinguished name. Start by generating a self-signed certificate with the appropriate name:

example% keytool -selfcert -alias sMillerNew
-dname "cn=Susan Miller, ou=Accounting Department, o=BlueSoft, c=us"

Then generate a Certificate Signing Request based on the information in this new certificate:

example% keytool -certreq -alias sMillerNew

When you get the CA certificate reply, import it:

example% keytool -import -alias sMillerNew -file VSSMillerNew.cer

After importing the certificate reply, you may want to remove the initial key entry that used your old distinguished name:

example% keytool -delete -alias sMiller