perlapi - autogenerated documentation for the perl public API

This file contains the documentation of the perl public API generated by embed.pl, specifically a listing of functions, macros, flags, and variables that may be used by extension writers. The interfaces of any functions that are not listed here are subject to change without notice. For this reason, blindly using functions listed in proto.h is to be avoided when writing extensions.

Note that all Perl API global variables must be referenced with the CWPL_ prefix. Some macros are provided for compatibility with the older, unadorned names, but this support may be disabled in a future release.

The listing is alphabetical, case insensitive.

GIMME

A backward-compatible version of CWGIMME_V which can only return CWG_SCALAR or CWG_ARRAY; in a void context, it returns CWG_SCALAR. Deprecated. Use CWGIMME_V instead.

        U32     GIMME

GIMME_V

The XSUB-writer's equivalent to Perl's CWwantarray. Returns CWG_VOID, CWG_SCALAR or CWG_ARRAY for void, scalar or list context, respectively.

        U32     GIMME_V

G_ARRAY

Used to indicate list context. See CWGIMME_V, CWGIMME and perlcall.

G_DISCARD

Indicates that arguments returned from a callback should be discarded. See perlcall.

G_EVAL

Used to force a Perl CWeval wrapper around a callback. See perlcall.

G_NOARGS

Indicates that no arguments are being sent to a callback. See perlcall.

G_SCALAR

Used to indicate scalar context. See CWGIMME_V, CWGIMME, and perlcall.

G_VOID

Used to indicate void context. See CWGIMME_V and perlcall.

AvFILL

Same as CWav_len(). Deprecated, use CWav_len() instead.

        int     AvFILL(AV* av)

av_clear

Clears an array, making it empty. Does not free the memory used by the array itself.

        void    av_clear(AV* ar)

av_delete

Deletes the element indexed by CWkey from the array. Returns the deleted element. If CWflags equals CWG_DISCARD, the element is freed and null is returned.

        SV*     av_delete(AV* ar, I32 key, I32 flags)

av_exists

Returns true if the element indexed by CWkey has been initialized. This relies on the fact that uninitialized array elements are set to CW&PL_sv_undef.

        bool    av_exists(AV* ar, I32 key)

av_extend

Pre-extend an array. The CWkey is the index to which the array should be extended.

        void    av_extend(AV* ar, I32 key)

av_fetch

Returns the SV at the specified index in the array. The CWkey is the index. If CWlval is set then the fetch will be part of a store. Check that the return value is non-null before dereferencing it to a CWSV*. See Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays in perlguts for more information on how to use this function on tied arrays.

        SV**    av_fetch(AV* ar, I32 key, I32 lval)

av_fill

Ensure than an array has a given number of elements, equivalent to Perl's CW$#array = $fill;.

        void    av_fill(AV* ar, I32 fill)

av_len

Returns the highest index in the array. Returns -1 if the array is empty.

        I32     av_len(AV* ar)

av_make

Creates a new AV and populates it with a list of SVs. The SVs are copied into the array, so they may be freed after the call to av_make. The new AV will have a reference count of 1.

        AV*     av_make(I32 size, SV** svp)

av_pop

Pops an SV off the end of the array. Returns CW&PL_sv_undef if the array is empty.

        SV*     av_pop(AV* ar)

av_push

Pushes an SV onto the end of the array. The array will grow automatically to accommodate the addition.

        void    av_push(AV* ar, SV* val)

av_shift

Shifts an SV off the beginning of the array.

        SV*     av_shift(AV* ar)

av_store

Stores an SV in an array. The array index is specified as CWkey. The return value will be NULL if the operation failed or if the value did not need to be actually stored within the array (as in the case of tied arrays). Otherwise it can be dereferenced to get the original CWSV*. Note that the caller is responsible for suitably incrementing the reference count of CWval before the call, and decrementing it if the function returned NULL. See Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays in perlguts for more information on how to use this function on tied arrays.

        SV**    av_store(AV* ar, I32 key, SV* val)

av_undef

Undefines the array. Frees the memory used by the array itself.

        void    av_undef(AV* ar)

av_unshift

Unshift the given number of CWundef values onto the beginning of the array. The array will grow automatically to accommodate the addition. You must then use CWav_store to assign values to these new elements.

        void    av_unshift(AV* ar, I32 num)

get_av

Returns the AV of the specified Perl array. If CWcreate is set and the Perl variable does not exist then it will be created. If CWcreate is not set and the variable does not exist then NULL is returned. NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.

        AV*     get_av(const char* name, I32 create)

newAV

Creates a new AV. The reference count is set to 1.

        AV*     newAV()

sortsv

Sort an array. Here is an example:

    sortsv(AvARRAY(av), av_len(av)+1, Perl_sv_cmp_locale);

See lib/sort.pm for details about controlling the sorting algorithm.

        void    sortsv(SV ** array, size_t num_elts, SVCOMPARE_t cmp)

call_argv

Performs a callback to the specified Perl sub. See perlcall. NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.

        I32     call_argv(const char* sub_name, I32 flags, char** argv)

call_method

Performs a callback to the specified Perl method. The blessed object must be on the stack. See perlcall. NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.

        I32     call_method(const char* methname, I32 flags)

call_pv

Performs a callback to the specified Perl sub. See perlcall. NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.

        I32     call_pv(const char* sub_name, I32 flags)

call_sv

Performs a callback to the Perl sub whose name is in the SV. See perlcall. NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.

        I32     call_sv(SV* sv, I32 flags)

ENTER

Opening bracket on a callback. See CWLEAVE and perlcall.

                ENTER;

eval_pv

Tells Perl to CWeval the given string and return an SV* result. NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.

        SV*     eval_pv(const char* p, I32 croak_on_error)

eval_sv

Tells Perl to CWeval the string in the SV. NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.

        I32     eval_sv(SV* sv, I32 flags)

FREETMPS

Closing bracket for temporaries on a callback. See CWSAVETMPS and perlcall.

                FREETMPS;

LEAVE

Closing bracket on a callback. See CWENTER and perlcall.

                LEAVE;

SAVETMPS

Opening bracket for temporaries on a callback. See CWFREETMPS and perlcall.

                SAVETMPS;

isALNUM

Returns a boolean indicating whether the C CWchar is an ASCII alphanumeric character (including underscore) or digit.

        bool    isALNUM(char ch)

isALPHA

Returns a boolean indicating whether the C CWchar is an ASCII alphabetic character.

        bool    isALPHA(char ch)

isDIGIT

Returns a boolean indicating whether the C CWchar is an ASCII digit.

        bool    isDIGIT(char ch)

isLOWER

Returns a boolean indicating whether the C CWchar is a lowercase character.

        bool    isLOWER(char ch)

isSPACE

Returns a boolean indicating whether the C CWchar is whitespace.

        bool    isSPACE(char ch)

isUPPER

Returns a boolean indicating whether the C CWchar is an uppercase character.

        bool    isUPPER(char ch)

toLOWER

Converts the specified character to lowercase.

        char    toLOWER(char ch)

toUPPER

Converts the specified character to uppercase.

        char    toUPPER(char ch)

perl_clone

Create and return a new interpreter by cloning the current one. perl_clone takes these flags as parameters: CLONEf_COPY_STACKS - is used to, well, copy the stacks also, without it we only clone the data and zero the stacks, with it we copy the stacks and the new perl interpreter is ready to run at the exact same point as the previous one. The pseudo-fork code uses COPY_STACKS while the threads->new doesn't. CLONEf_KEEP_PTR_TABLE perl_clone keeps a ptr_table with the pointer of the old variable as a key and the new variable as a value, this allows it to check if something has been cloned and not clone it again but rather just use the value and increase the refcount. If KEEP_PTR_TABLE is not set then perl_clone will kill the ptr_table using the function CWptr_table_free(PL_ptr_table); PL_ptr_table = NULL;, reason to keep it around is if you want to dup some of your own variable who are outside the graph perl scans, example of this code is in threads.xs create CLONEf_CLONE_HOST This is a win32 thing, it is ignored on unix, it tells perls win32host code (which is c++) to clone itself, this is needed on win32 if you want to run two threads at the same time, if you just want to do some stuff in a separate perl interpreter and then throw it away and return to the original one, you don't need to do anything.

        PerlInterpreter*        perl_clone(PerlInterpreter* interp, UV flags)

CvSTASH

Returns the stash of the CV.

        HV*     CvSTASH(CV* cv)

get_cv

Returns the CV of the specified Perl subroutine. If CWcreate is set and the Perl subroutine does not exist then it will be declared (which has the same effect as saying CWsub name;). If CWcreate is not set and the subroutine does not exist then NULL is returned. NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.

        CV*     get_cv(const char* name, I32 create)

cv_undef

Clear out all the active components of a CV. This can happen either by an explicit CWundef &foo, or by the reference count going to zero. In the former case, we keep the CvOUTSIDE pointer, so that any anonymous children can still follow the full lexical scope chain.

        void    cv_undef(CV* cv)

load_module

Loads the module whose name is pointed to by the string part of name. Note that the actual module name, not its filename, should be given. Eg, Foo::Bar instead of Foo/Bar.pm. flags can be any of PERL_LOADMOD_DENY, PERL_LOADMOD_NOIMPORT, or PERL_LOADMOD_IMPORT_OPS (or 0 for no flags). ver, if specified, provides version semantics similar to CWuse Foo::Bar VERSION. The optional trailing SV* arguments can be used to specify arguments to the module's import() method, similar to CWuse Foo::Bar VERSION LIST.

        void    load_module(U32 flags, SV* name, SV* ver, ...)

nothreadhook

Stub that provides thread hook for perl_destruct when there are no threads.

        int     nothreadhook()

perl_alloc

Allocates a new Perl interpreter. See perlembed.

        PerlInterpreter*        perl_alloc()

perl_construct

Initializes a new Perl interpreter. See perlembed.

        void    perl_construct(PerlInterpreter* interp)

perl_destruct

Shuts down a Perl interpreter. See perlembed.

        int     perl_destruct(PerlInterpreter* interp)

perl_free

Releases a Perl interpreter. See perlembed.

        void    perl_free(PerlInterpreter* interp)

perl_parse

Tells a Perl interpreter to parse a Perl script. See perlembed.

        int     perl_parse(PerlInterpreter* interp, XSINIT_t xsinit, int argc, char** argv, char** env)

perl_run

Tells a Perl interpreter to run. See perlembed.

        int     perl_run(PerlInterpreter* interp)

require_pv

Tells Perl to CWrequire the file named by the string argument. It is analogous to the Perl code CWeval "require '$file'". It's even implemented that way; consider using load_module instead. NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.

        void    require_pv(const char* pv)

packlist

The engine implementing pack() Perl function.

        void    packlist(SV *cat, char *pat, char *patend, SV **beglist, SV **endlist)

pack_cat

The engine implementing pack() Perl function. Note: parameters next_in_list and flags are not used. This call should not be used; use packlist instead.

        void    pack_cat(SV *cat, char *pat, char *patend, SV **beglist, SV **endlist, SV ***next_in_list, U32 flags)

unpackstring

The engine implementing unpack() Perl function. CWunpackstring puts the extracted list items on the stack and returns the number of elements. Issue CWPUTBACK before and CWSPAGAIN after the call to this function.

        I32     unpackstring(char *pat, char *patend, char *s, char *strend, U32 flags)

unpack_str

The engine implementing unpack() Perl function. Note: parameters strbeg, new_s and ocnt are not used. This call should not be used, use unpackstring instead.

        I32     unpack_str(char *pat, char *patend, char *s, char *strbeg, char *strend, char **new_s, I32 ocnt, U32 flags)

PL_modglobal

CWPL_modglobal is a general purpose, interpreter global HV for use by extensions that need to keep information on a per-interpreter basis. In a pinch, it can also be used as a symbol table for extensions to share data among each other. It is a good idea to use keys prefixed by the package name of the extension that owns the data.

        HV*     PL_modglobal

PL_na

A convenience variable which is typically used with CWSvPV when one doesn't care about the length of the string. It is usually more efficient to either declare a local variable and use that instead or to use the CWSvPV_nolen macro.

        STRLEN  PL_na

PL_sv_no

This is the CWfalse SV. See CWPL_sv_yes. Always refer to this as CW&PL_sv_no.

        SV      PL_sv_no

PL_sv_undef

This is the CWundef SV. Always refer to this as CW&PL_sv_undef.

        SV      PL_sv_undef

PL_sv_yes

This is the CWtrue SV. See CWPL_sv_no. Always refer to this as CW&PL_sv_yes.

        SV      PL_sv_yes

GvSV

Return the SV from the GV.

        SV*     GvSV(GV* gv)

gv_fetchmeth

Returns the glob with the given CWname and a defined subroutine or CWNULL. The glob lives in the given CWstash, or in the stashes accessible via CW@ISA and UNIVERSAL::. The argument CWlevel should be either 0 or -1. If CWlevel==0, as a side-effect creates a glob with the given CWname in the given CWstash which in the case of success contains an alias for the subroutine, and sets up caching info for this glob. Similarly for all the searched stashes. This function grants CW"SUPER" token as a postfix of the stash name. The GV returned from CWgv_fetchmeth may be a method cache entry, which is not visible to Perl code. So when calling CWcall_sv, you should not use the GV directly; instead, you should use the method's CV, which can be obtained from the GV with the CWGvCV macro.

        GV*     gv_fetchmeth(HV* stash, const char* name, STRLEN len, I32 level)

gv_fetchmethod

See gv_fetchmethod_autoload.

        GV*     gv_fetchmethod(HV* stash, const char* name)

gv_fetchmethod_autoload

Returns the glob which contains the subroutine to call to invoke the method on the CWstash. In fact in the presence of autoloading this may be the glob for AUTOLOAD. In this case the corresponding variable CW$AUTOLOAD is already setup. The third parameter of CWgv_fetchmethod_autoload determines whether AUTOLOAD lookup is performed if the given method is not present: non-zero means yes, look for AUTOLOAD; zero means no, don't look for AUTOLOAD. Calling CWgv_fetchmethod is equivalent to calling CWgv_fetchmethod_autoload with a non-zero CWautoload parameter. These functions grant CW"SUPER" token as a prefix of the method name. Note that if you want to keep the returned glob for a long time, you need to check for it being AUTOLOAD, since at the later time the call may load a different subroutine due to CW$AUTOLOAD changing its value. Use the glob created via a side effect to do this. These functions have the same side-effects and as CWgv_fetchmeth with CWlevel==0. CWname should be writable if contains CW':' or CW' ''. The warning against passing the GV returned by CWgv_fetchmeth to CWcall_sv apply equally to these functions.

        GV*     gv_fetchmethod_autoload(HV* stash, const char* name, I32 autoload)

gv_fetchmeth_autoload

Same as gv_fetchmeth(), but looks for autoloaded subroutines too. Returns a glob for the subroutine. For an autoloaded subroutine without a GV, will create a GV even if CWlevel < 0. For an autoloaded subroutine without a stub, GvCV() of the result may be zero.

        GV*     gv_fetchmeth_autoload(HV* stash, const char* name, STRLEN len, I32 level)

gv_stashpv

Returns a pointer to the stash for a specified package. CWname should be a valid UTF-8 string and must be null-terminated. If CWcreate is set then the package will be created if it does not already exist. If CWcreate is not set and the package does not exist then NULL is returned.

        HV*     gv_stashpv(const char* name, I32 create)

gv_stashpvn

Returns a pointer to the stash for a specified package. CWname should be a valid UTF-8 string. The CWnamelen parameter indicates the length of the CWname, in bytes. If CWcreate is set then the package will be created if it does not already exist. If CWcreate is not set and the package does not exist then NULL is returned.

        HV*     gv_stashpvn(const char* name, U32 namelen, I32 create)

gv_stashsv

Returns a pointer to the stash for a specified package, which must be a valid UTF-8 string. See CWgv_stashpv.

        HV*     gv_stashsv(SV* sv, I32 create)

Nullav

Null AV pointer.

Nullch

Null character pointer.

Nullcv

Null CV pointer.

Nullhv

Null HV pointer.

Nullsv

Null SV pointer.

get_hv

Returns the HV of the specified Perl hash. If CWcreate is set and the Perl variable does not exist then it will be created. If CWcreate is not set and the variable does not exist then NULL is returned. NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.

        HV*     get_hv(const char* name, I32 create)

HEf_SVKEY

This flag, used in the length slot of hash entries and magic structures, specifies the structure contains an CWSV* pointer where a CWchar* pointer is to be expected. (For information onlynot to be used).

HeHASH

Returns the computed hash stored in the hash entry.

        U32     HeHASH(HE* he)

HeKEY

Returns the actual pointer stored in the key slot of the hash entry. The pointer may be either CWchar* or CWSV*, depending on the value of CWHeKLEN(). Can be assigned to. The CWHePV() or CWHeSVKEY() macros are usually preferable for finding the value of a key.

        void*   HeKEY(HE* he)

HeKLEN

If this is negative, and amounts to CWHEf_SVKEY, it indicates the entry holds an CWSV* key. Otherwise, holds the actual length of the key. Can be assigned to. The CWHePV() macro is usually preferable for finding key lengths.

        STRLEN  HeKLEN(HE* he)

HePV

Returns the key slot of the hash entry as a CWchar* value, doing any necessary dereferencing of possibly CWSV* keys. The length of the string is placed in CWlen (this is a macro, so do not use CW&len). If you do not care about what the length of the key is, you may use the global variable CWPL_na, though this is rather less efficient than using a local variable. Remember though, that hash keys in perl are free to contain embedded nulls, so using CWstrlen() or similar is not a good way to find the length of hash keys. This is very similar to the CWSvPV() macro described elsewhere in this document.

        char*   HePV(HE* he, STRLEN len)

HeSVKEY

Returns the key as an CWSV*, or CWNullsv if the hash entry does not contain an CWSV* key.

        SV*     HeSVKEY(HE* he)

HeSVKEY_force

Returns the key as an CWSV*. Will create and return a temporary mortal CWSV* if the hash entry contains only a CWchar* key.

        SV*     HeSVKEY_force(HE* he)

HeSVKEY_set

Sets the key to a given CWSV*, taking care to set the appropriate flags to indicate the presence of an CWSV* key, and returns the same CWSV*.

        SV*     HeSVKEY_set(HE* he, SV* sv)

HeVAL

Returns the value slot (type CWSV*) stored in the hash entry.

        SV*     HeVAL(HE* he)

HvNAME

Returns the package name of a stash. See CWSvSTASH, CWCvSTASH.

        char*   HvNAME(HV* stash)

hv_clear

Clears a hash, making it empty.

        void    hv_clear(HV* tb)

hv_clear_placeholders

Clears any placeholders from a hash. If a restricted hash has any of its keys marked as readonly and the key is subsequently deleted, the key is not actually deleted but is marked by assigning it a value of &PL_sv_placeholder. This tags it so it will be ignored by future operations such as iterating over the hash, but will still allow the hash to have a value reassigned to the key at some future point. This function clears any such placeholder keys from the hash. See Hash::Util::lock_keys() for an example of its use.

        void    hv_clear_placeholders(HV* hb)

hv_delete

Deletes a key/value pair in the hash. The value SV is removed from the hash and returned to the caller. The CWklen is the length of the key. The CWflags value will normally be zero; if set to G_DISCARD then NULL will be returned.

        SV*     hv_delete(HV* tb, const char* key, I32 klen, I32 flags)

hv_delete_ent

Deletes a key/value pair in the hash. The value SV is removed from the hash and returned to the caller. The CWflags value will normally be zero; if set to G_DISCARD then NULL will be returned. CWhash can be a valid precomputed hash value, or 0 to ask for it to be computed.

        SV*     hv_delete_ent(HV* tb, SV* key, I32 flags, U32 hash)

hv_exists

Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified hash key exists. The CWklen is the length of the key.

        bool    hv_exists(HV* tb, const char* key, I32 klen)

hv_exists_ent

Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified hash key exists. CWhash can be a valid precomputed hash value, or 0 to ask for it to be computed.

        bool    hv_exists_ent(HV* tb, SV* key, U32 hash)

hv_fetch

Returns the SV which corresponds to the specified key in the hash. The CWklen is the length of the key. If CWlval is set then the fetch will be part of a store. Check that the return value is non-null before dereferencing it to an CWSV*. See Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays in perlguts for more information on how to use this function on tied hashes.

        SV**    hv_fetch(HV* tb, const char* key, I32 klen, I32 lval)

hv_fetch_ent

Returns the hash entry which corresponds to the specified key in the hash. CWhash must be a valid precomputed hash number for the given CWkey, or 0 if you want the function to compute it. IF CWlval is set then the fetch will be part of a store. Make sure the return value is non-null before accessing it. The return value when CWtb is a tied hash is a pointer to a static location, so be sure to make a copy of the structure if you need to store it somewhere. See Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays in perlguts for more information on how to use this function on tied hashes.

        HE*     hv_fetch_ent(HV* tb, SV* key, I32 lval, U32 hash)

hv_iterinit

Prepares a starting point to traverse a hash table. Returns the number of keys in the hash (i.e. the same as CWHvKEYS(tb)). The return value is currently only meaningful for hashes without tie magic. NOTE: Before version 5.004_65, CWhv_iterinit used to return the number of hash buckets that happen to be in use. If you still need that esoteric value, you can get it through the macro CWHvFILL(tb).

        I32     hv_iterinit(HV* tb)

hv_iterkey

Returns the key from the current position of the hash iterator. See CWhv_iterinit.

        char*   hv_iterkey(HE* entry, I32* retlen)

hv_iterkeysv

Returns the key as an CWSV* from the current position of the hash iterator. The return value will always be a mortal copy of the key. Also see CWhv_iterinit.

        SV*     hv_iterkeysv(HE* entry)

hv_iternext

Returns entries from a hash iterator. See CWhv_iterinit. You may call CWhv_delete or CWhv_delete_ent on the hash entry that the iterator currently points to, without losing your place or invalidating your iterator. Note that in this case the current entry is deleted from the hash with your iterator holding the last reference to it. Your iterator is flagged to free the entry on the next call to CWhv_iternext, so you must not discard your iterator immediately else the entry will leak - call CWhv_iternext to trigger the resource deallocation.

        HE*     hv_iternext(HV* tb)

hv_iternextsv

Performs an CWhv_iternext, CWhv_iterkey, and CWhv_iterval in one operation.

        SV*     hv_iternextsv(HV* hv, char** key, I32* retlen)

hv_iternext_flags

Returns entries from a hash iterator. See CWhv_iterinit and CWhv_iternext. The CWflags value will normally be zero; if HV_ITERNEXT_WANTPLACEHOLDERS is set the placeholders keys (for restricted hashes) will be returned in addition to normal keys. By default placeholders are automatically skipped over. Currently a placeholder is implemented with a value that is CW&Perl_sv_placeholder. Note that the implementation of placeholders and restricted hashes may change, and the implementation currently is insufficiently abstracted for any change to be tidy. NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without notice.

        HE*     hv_iternext_flags(HV* tb, I32 flags)

hv_iterval

Returns the value from the current position of the hash iterator. See CWhv_iterkey.

        SV*     hv_iterval(HV* tb, HE* entry)

hv_magic

Adds magic to a hash. See CWsv_magic.

        void    hv_magic(HV* hv, GV* gv, int how)

hv_scalar

Evaluates the hash in scalar context and returns the result. Handles magic when the hash is tied.

        SV*     hv_scalar(HV* hv)

hv_store

Stores an SV in a hash. The hash key is specified as CWkey and CWklen is the length of the key. The CWhash parameter is the precomputed hash value; if it is zero then Perl will compute it. The return value will be NULL if the operation failed or if the value did not need to be actually stored within the hash (as in the case of tied hashes). Otherwise it can be dereferenced to get the original CWSV*. Note that the caller is responsible for suitably incrementing the reference count of CWval before the call, and decrementing it if the function returned NULL. Effectively a successful hv_store takes ownership of one reference to CWval. This is usually what you want; a newly created SV has a reference count of one, so if all your code does is create SVs then store them in a hash, hv_store will own the only reference to the new SV, and your code doesn't need to do anything further to tidy up. hv_store is not implemented as a call to hv_store_ent, and does not create a temporary SV for the key, so if your key data is not already in SV form then use hv_store in preference to hv_store_ent. See Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays in perlguts for more information on how to use this function on tied hashes.

        SV**    hv_store(HV* tb, const char* key, I32 klen, SV* val, U32 hash)

hv_store_ent

Stores CWval in a hash. The hash key is specified as CWkey. The CWhash parameter is the precomputed hash value; if it is zero then Perl will compute it. The return value is the new hash entry so created. It will be NULL if the operation failed or if the value did not need to be actually stored within the hash (as in the case of tied hashes). Otherwise the contents of the return value can be accessed using the CWHe? macros described here. Note that the caller is responsible for suitably incrementing the reference count of CWval before the call, and decrementing it if the function returned NULL. Effectively a successful hv_store_ent takes ownership of one reference to CWval. This is usually what you want; a newly created SV has a reference count of one, so if all your code does is create SVs then store them in a hash, hv_store will own the only reference to the new SV, and your code doesn't need to do anything further to tidy up. Note that hv_store_ent only reads the CWkey; unlike CWval it does not take ownership of it, so maintaining the correct reference count on CWkey is entirely the caller's responsibility. hv_store is not implemented as a call to hv_store_ent, and does not create a temporary SV for the key, so if your key data is not already in SV form then use hv_store in preference to hv_store_ent. See Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays in perlguts for more information on how to use this function on tied hashes.

        HE*     hv_store_ent(HV* tb, SV* key, SV* val, U32 hash)

hv_undef

Undefines the hash.

        void    hv_undef(HV* tb)

newHV

Creates a new HV. The reference count is set to 1.

        HV*     newHV()

mg_clear

Clear something magical that the SV represents. See CWsv_magic.

        int     mg_clear(SV* sv)

mg_copy

Copies the magic from one SV to another. See CWsv_magic.

        int     mg_copy(SV* sv, SV* nsv, const char* key, I32 klen)

mg_find

Finds the magic pointer for type matching the SV. See CWsv_magic.

        MAGIC*  mg_find(SV* sv, int type)

mg_free

Free any magic storage used by the SV. See CWsv_magic.

        int     mg_free(SV* sv)

mg_get

Do magic after a value is retrieved from the SV. See CWsv_magic.

        int     mg_get(SV* sv)

mg_length

Report on the SV's length. See CWsv_magic.

        U32     mg_length(SV* sv)

mg_magical

Turns on the magical status of an SV. See CWsv_magic.

        void    mg_magical(SV* sv)

mg_set

Do magic after a value is assigned to the SV. See CWsv_magic.

        int     mg_set(SV* sv)

SvGETMAGIC

Invokes CWmg_get on an SV if it has 'get' magic. This macro evaluates its argument more than once.

        void    SvGETMAGIC(SV* sv)

SvLOCK

Arranges for a mutual exclusion lock to be obtained on sv if a suitable module has been loaded.

        void    SvLOCK(SV* sv)

SvSETMAGIC

Invokes CWmg_set on an SV if it has 'set' magic. This macro evaluates its argument more than once.

        void    SvSETMAGIC(SV* sv)

SvSetMagicSV

Like CWSvSetSV, but does any set magic required afterwards.

        void    SvSetMagicSV(SV* dsb, SV* ssv)

SvSetMagicSV_nosteal

Like CWSvSetSV_nosteal, but does any set magic required afterwards.

        void    SvSetMagicSV_nosteal(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)

SvSetSV

Calls CWsv_setsv if dsv is not the same as ssv. May evaluate arguments more than once.

        void    SvSetSV(SV* dsb, SV* ssv)

SvSetSV_nosteal

Calls a non-destructive version of CWsv_setsv if dsv is not the same as ssv. May evaluate arguments more than once.

        void    SvSetSV_nosteal(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)

SvSHARE

Arranges for sv to be shared between threads if a suitable module has been loaded.

        void    SvSHARE(SV* sv)

SvUNLOCK

Releases a mutual exclusion lock on sv if a suitable module has been loaded.

        void    SvUNLOCK(SV* sv)

Copy

The XSUB-writer's interface to the C CWmemcpy function. The CWsrc is the source, CWdest is the destination, CWnitems is the number of items, and CWtype is the type. May fail on overlapping copies. See also CWMove.

        void    Copy(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type)

CopyD

Like CWCopy but returns dest. Useful for encouraging compilers to tail-call optimise.

        void *  CopyD(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type)

Move

The XSUB-writer's interface to the C CWmemmove function. The CWsrc is the source, CWdest is the destination, CWnitems is the number of items, and CWtype is the type. Can do overlapping moves. See also CWCopy.

        void    Move(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type)

MoveD

Like CWMove but returns dest. Useful for encouraging compilers to tail-call optimise.

        void *  MoveD(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type)

New

The XSUB-writer's interface to the C CWmalloc function.

        void    New(int id, void* ptr, int nitems, type)

Newc

The XSUB-writer's interface to the C CWmalloc function, with cast.

        void    Newc(int id, void* ptr, int nitems, type, cast)

Newz

The XSUB-writer's interface to the C CWmalloc function. The allocated memory is zeroed with CWmemzero.

        void    Newz(int id, void* ptr, int nitems, type)

Poison

Fill up memory with a pattern (byte 0xAB over and over again) that hopefully catches attempts to access uninitialized memory.

        void    Poison(void* dest, int nitems, type)

Renew

The XSUB-writer's interface to the C CWrealloc function.

        void    Renew(void* ptr, int nitems, type)

Renewc

The XSUB-writer's interface to the C CWrealloc function, with cast.

        void    Renewc(void* ptr, int nitems, type, cast)

Safefree

The XSUB-writer's interface to the C CWfree function.

        void    Safefree(void* ptr)

savepv

Perl's version of CWstrdup(). Returns a pointer to a newly allocated string which is a duplicate of CWpv. The size of the string is determined by CWstrlen(). The memory allocated for the new string can be freed with the CWSafefree() function.

        char*   savepv(const char* pv)

savepvn

Perl's version of what CWstrndup() would be if it existed. Returns a pointer to a newly allocated string which is a duplicate of the first CWlen bytes from CWpv. The memory allocated for the new string can be freed with the CWSafefree() function.

        char*   savepvn(const char* pv, I32 len)

savesharedpv

A version of CWsavepv() which allocates the duplicate string in memory which is shared between threads.

        char*   savesharedpv(const char* pv)

savesvpv

A version of CWsavepv()/CWsavepvn() which gets the string to duplicate from the passed in SV using CWSvPV()

        char*   savesvpv(SV* sv)

StructCopy

This is an architecture-independent macro to copy one structure to another.

        void    StructCopy(type src, type dest, type)

Zero

The XSUB-writer's interface to the C CWmemzero function. The CWdest is the destination, CWnitems is the number of items, and CWtype is the type.

        void    Zero(void* dest, int nitems, type)

ZeroD

Like CWZero but returns dest. Useful for encouraging compilers to tail-call optimise.

        void *  ZeroD(void* dest, int nitems, type)

fbm_compile

Analyses the string in order to make fast searches on it using fbm_instr() the Boyer-Moore algorithm.

        void    fbm_compile(SV* sv, U32 flags)

fbm_instr

Returns the location of the SV in the string delimited by CWstr and CWstrend. It returns CWNullch if the string can't be found. The CWsv does not have to be fbm_compiled, but the search will not be as fast then.

        char*   fbm_instr(unsigned char* big, unsigned char* bigend, SV* littlesv, U32 flags)

form

Takes a sprintf-style format pattern and conventional (non-SV) arguments and returns the formatted string.

    (char *) Perl_form(pTHX_ const char* pat, ...)

can be used any place a string (char *) is required:

    char * s = Perl_form("%d.%d",major,minor);

Uses a single private buffer so if you want to format several strings you must explicitly copy the earlier strings away (and free the copies when you are done).

        char*   form(const char* pat, ...)

getcwd_sv

Fill the sv with current working directory

        int     getcwd_sv(SV* sv)

strEQ

Test two strings to see if they are equal. Returns true or false.

        bool    strEQ(char* s1, char* s2)

strGE

Test two strings to see if the first, CWs1, is greater than or equal to the second, CWs2. Returns true or false.

        bool    strGE(char* s1, char* s2)

strGT

Test two strings to see if the first, CWs1, is greater than the second, CWs2. Returns true or false.

        bool    strGT(char* s1, char* s2)

strLE

Test two strings to see if the first, CWs1, is less than or equal to the second, CWs2. Returns true or false.

        bool    strLE(char* s1, char* s2)

strLT

Test two strings to see if the first, CWs1, is less than the second, CWs2. Returns true or false.

        bool    strLT(char* s1, char* s2)

strNE

Test two strings to see if they are different. Returns true or false.

        bool    strNE(char* s1, char* s2)

strnEQ

Test two strings to see if they are equal. The CWlen parameter indicates the number of bytes to compare. Returns true or false. (A wrapper for CWstrncmp).

        bool    strnEQ(char* s1, char* s2, STRLEN len)

strnNE

Test two strings to see if they are different. The CWlen parameter indicates the number of bytes to compare. Returns true or false. (A wrapper for CWstrncmp).

        bool    strnNE(char* s1, char* s2, STRLEN len)

sv_nolocking

Dummy routine which locks an SV when there is no locking module present. Exists to avoid test for a NULL function pointer and because it could potentially warn under some level of strict-ness.

        void    sv_nolocking(SV *)

sv_nosharing

Dummy routine which shares an SV when there is no sharing module present. Exists to avoid test for a NULL function pointer and because it could potentially warn under some level of strict-ness.

        void    sv_nosharing(SV *)

sv_nounlocking

Dummy routine which unlocks an SV when there is no locking module present. Exists to avoid test for a NULL function pointer and because it could potentially warn under some level of strict-ness.

        void    sv_nounlocking(SV *)

grok_bin

converts a string representing a binary number to numeric form. On entry start and *len give the string to scan, *flags gives conversion flags, and result should be NULL or a pointer to an NV. The scan stops at the end of the string, or the first invalid character. Unless CWPERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT is set in *flags, encountering an invalid character will also trigger a warning. On return *len is set to the length of the scanned string, and *flags gives output flags. If the value is <= UV_MAX it is returned as a UV, the output flags are clear, and nothing is written to *result. If the value is > UV_MAX CWgrok_bin returns UV_MAX, sets CWPERL_SCAN_GREATER_THAN_UV_MAX in the output flags, and writes the value to *result (or the value is discarded if result is NULL). The binary number may optionally be prefixed with 0b or b unless CWPERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX is set in *flags on entry. If CWPERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES is set in *flags then the binary number may use '_' characters to separate digits.

        UV      grok_bin(char* start, STRLEN* len, I32* flags, NV *result)

grok_hex

converts a string representing a hex number to numeric form. On entry start and *len give the string to scan, *flags gives conversion flags, and result should be NULL or a pointer to an NV. The scan stops at the end of the string, or the first invalid character. Unless CWPERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT is set in *flags, encountering an invalid character will also trigger a warning. On return *len is set to the length of the scanned string, and *flags gives output flags. If the value is <= UV_MAX it is returned as a UV, the output flags are clear, and nothing is written to *result. If the value is > UV_MAX CWgrok_hex returns UV_MAX, sets CWPERL_SCAN_GREATER_THAN_UV_MAX in the output flags, and writes the value to *result (or the value is discarded if result is NULL). The hex number may optionally be prefixed with 0x or x unless CWPERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX is set in *flags on entry. If CWPERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES is set in *flags then the hex number may use '_' characters to separate digits.

        UV      grok_hex(char* start, STRLEN* len, I32* flags, NV *result)

grok_number

Recognise (or not) a number. The type of the number is returned (0 if unrecognised), otherwise it is a bit-ORed combination of IS_NUMBER_IN_UV, IS_NUMBER_GREATER_THAN_UV_MAX, IS_NUMBER_NOT_INT, IS_NUMBER_NEG, IS_NUMBER_INFINITY, IS_NUMBER_NAN (defined in perl.h). If the value of the number can fit an in UV, it is returned in the *valuep IS_NUMBER_IN_UV will be set to indicate that *valuep is valid, IS_NUMBER_IN_UV will never be set unless *valuep is valid, but *valuep may have been assigned to during processing even though IS_NUMBER_IN_UV is not set on return. If valuep is NULL, IS_NUMBER_IN_UV will be set for the same cases as when valuep is non-NULL, but no actual assignment (or SEGV) will occur. IS_NUMBER_NOT_INT will be set with IS_NUMBER_IN_UV if trailing decimals were seen (in which case *valuep gives the true value truncated to an integer), and IS_NUMBER_NEG if the number is negative (in which case *valuep holds the absolute value). IS_NUMBER_IN_UV is not set if e notation was used or the number is larger than a UV.

        int     grok_number(const char *pv, STRLEN len, UV *valuep)

grok_numeric_radix

Scan and skip for a numeric decimal separator (radix).

        bool    grok_numeric_radix(const char **sp, const char *send)

grok_oct

converts a string representing an octal number to numeric form. On entry start and *len give the string to scan, *flags gives conversion flags, and result should be NULL or a pointer to an NV. The scan stops at the end of the string, or the first invalid character. Unless CWPERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT is set in *flags, encountering an invalid character will also trigger a warning. On return *len is set to the length of the scanned string, and *flags gives output flags. If the value is <= UV_MAX it is returned as a UV, the output flags are clear, and nothing is written to *result. If the value is > UV_MAX CWgrok_oct returns UV_MAX, sets CWPERL_SCAN_GREATER_THAN_UV_MAX in the output flags, and writes the value to *result (or the value is discarded if result is NULL). If CWPERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES is set in *flags then the octal number may use '_' characters to separate digits.

        UV      grok_oct(char* start, STRLEN* len, I32* flags, NV *result)

scan_bin

For backwards compatibility. Use CWgrok_bin instead.

        NV      scan_bin(char* start, STRLEN len, STRLEN* retlen)

scan_hex

For backwards compatibility. Use CWgrok_hex instead.

        NV      scan_hex(char* start, STRLEN len, STRLEN* retlen)

scan_oct

For backwards compatibility. Use CWgrok_oct instead.

        NV      scan_oct(char* start, STRLEN len, STRLEN* retlen)

cv_const_sv

If CWcv is a constant sub eligible for inlining. returns the constant value returned by the sub. Otherwise, returns NULL. Constant subs can be created with CWnewCONSTSUB or as described in Constant Functions in perlsub.

        SV*     cv_const_sv(CV* cv)

newCONSTSUB

Creates a constant sub equivalent to Perl CWsub FOO () { 123 } which is eligible for inlining at compile-time.

        CV*     newCONSTSUB(HV* stash, char* name, SV* sv)

newXS

Used by CWxsubpp to hook up XSUBs as Perl subs.

pad_sv

Get the value at offset po in the current pad. Use macro PAD_SV instead of calling this function directly.

        SV*     pad_sv(PADOFFSET po)

dMARK

Declare a stack marker variable, CWmark, for the XSUB. See CWMARK and CWdORIGMARK.

                dMARK;

dORIGMARK

Saves the original stack mark for the XSUB. See CWORIGMARK.

                dORIGMARK;

dSP

Declares a local copy of perl's stack pointer for the XSUB, available via the CWSP macro. See CWSP.

                dSP;

EXTEND

Used to extend the argument stack for an XSUB's return values. Once used, guarantees that there is room for at least CWnitems to be pushed onto the stack.

        void    EXTEND(SP, int nitems)

MARK

Stack marker variable for the XSUB. See CWdMARK.

mPUSHi

Push an integer onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element. Handles 'set' magic. Does not use CWTARG. See also CWPUSHi, CWmXPUSHi and CWXPUSHi.

        void    mPUSHi(IV iv)

mPUSHn

Push a double onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element. Handles 'set' magic. Does not use CWTARG. See also CWPUSHn, CWmXPUSHn and CWXPUSHn.

        void    mPUSHn(NV nv)

mPUSHp

Push a string onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element. The CWlen indicates the length of the string. Handles 'set' magic. Does not use CWTARG. See also CWPUSHp, CWmXPUSHp and CWXPUSHp.

        void    mPUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len)

mPUSHu

Push an unsigned integer onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element. Handles 'set' magic. Does not use CWTARG. See also CWPUSHu, CWmXPUSHu and CWXPUSHu.

        void    mPUSHu(UV uv)

mXPUSHi

Push an integer onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. Handles 'set' magic. Does not use CWTARG. See also CWXPUSHi, CWmPUSHi and CWPUSHi.

        void    mXPUSHi(IV iv)

mXPUSHn

Push a double onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. Handles 'set' magic. Does not use CWTARG. See also CWXPUSHn, CWmPUSHn and CWPUSHn.

        void    mXPUSHn(NV nv)

mXPUSHp

Push a string onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. The CWlen indicates the length of the string. Handles 'set' magic. Does not use CWTARG. See also CWXPUSHp, CWmPUSHp and CWPUSHp.

        void    mXPUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len)

mXPUSHu

Push an unsigned integer onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. Handles 'set' magic. Does not use CWTARG. See also CWXPUSHu, CWmPUSHu and CWPUSHu.

        void    mXPUSHu(UV uv)

ORIGMARK

The original stack mark for the XSUB. See CWdORIGMARK.

POPi

Pops an integer off the stack.

        IV      POPi

POPl

Pops a long off the stack.

        long    POPl

POPn

Pops a double off the stack.

        NV      POPn

POPp

Pops a string off the stack. Deprecated. New code should provide a STRLEN n_a and use POPpx.

        char*   POPp

POPpbytex

Pops a string off the stack which must consist of bytes i.e. characters < 256. Requires a variable STRLEN n_a in scope.

        char*   POPpbytex

POPpx

Pops a string off the stack. Requires a variable STRLEN n_a in scope.

        char*   POPpx

POPs

Pops an SV off the stack.

        SV*     POPs

PUSHi

Push an integer onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element. Handles 'set' magic. Uses CWTARG, so CWdTARGET or CWdXSTARG should be called to declare it. Do not call multiple CWTARG-oriented macros to return lists from XSUB's - see CWmPUSHi instead. See also CWXPUSHi and CWmXPUSHi.

        void    PUSHi(IV iv)

PUSHMARK

Opening bracket for arguments on a callback. See CWPUTBACK and perlcall.

        void    PUSHMARK(SP)

PUSHmortal

Push a new mortal SV onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element. Does not handle 'set' magic. Does not use CWTARG. See also CWPUSHs, CWXPUSHmortal and CWXPUSHs.

        void    PUSHmortal()

PUSHn

Push a double onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element. Handles 'set' magic. Uses CWTARG, so CWdTARGET or CWdXSTARG should be called to declare it. Do not call multiple CWTARG-oriented macros to return lists from XSUB's - see CWmPUSHn instead. See also CWXPUSHn and CWmXPUSHn.

        void    PUSHn(NV nv)

PUSHp

Push a string onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element. The CWlen indicates the length of the string. Handles 'set' magic. Uses CWTARG, so CWdTARGET or CWdXSTARG should be called to declare it. Do not call multiple CWTARG-oriented macros to return lists from XSUB's - see CWmPUSHp instead. See also CWXPUSHp and CWmXPUSHp.

        void    PUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len)

PUSHs

Push an SV onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element. Does not handle 'set' magic. Does not use CWTARG. See also CWPUSHmortal, CWXPUSHs and CWXPUSHmortal.

        void    PUSHs(SV* sv)

PUSHu

Push an unsigned integer onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element. Handles 'set' magic. Uses CWTARG, so CWdTARGET or CWdXSTARG should be called to declare it. Do not call multiple CWTARG-oriented macros to return lists from XSUB's - see CWmPUSHu instead. See also CWXPUSHu and CWmXPUSHu.

        void    PUSHu(UV uv)

PUTBACK

Closing bracket for XSUB arguments. This is usually handled by CWxsubpp. See CWPUSHMARK and perlcall for other uses.

                PUTBACK;

SP

Stack pointer. This is usually handled by CWxsubpp. See CWdSP and CWSPAGAIN.

SPAGAIN

Refetch the stack pointer. Used after a callback. See perlcall.

                SPAGAIN;

XPUSHi

Push an integer onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. Handles 'set' magic. Uses CWTARG, so CWdTARGET or CWdXSTARG should be called to declare it. Do not call multiple CWTARG-oriented macros to return lists from XSUB's - see CWmXPUSHi instead. See also CWPUSHi and CWmPUSHi.

        void    XPUSHi(IV iv)

XPUSHmortal

Push a new mortal SV onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. Does not handle 'set' magic. Does not use CWTARG. See also CWXPUSHs, CWPUSHmortal and CWPUSHs.

        void    XPUSHmortal()

XPUSHn

Push a double onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. Handles 'set' magic. Uses CWTARG, so CWdTARGET or CWdXSTARG should be called to declare it. Do not call multiple CWTARG-oriented macros to return lists from XSUB's - see CWmXPUSHn instead. See also CWPUSHn and CWmPUSHn.

        void    XPUSHn(NV nv)

XPUSHp

Push a string onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. The CWlen indicates the length of the string. Handles 'set' magic. Uses CWTARG, so CWdTARGET or CWdXSTARG should be called to declare it. Do not call multiple CWTARG-oriented macros to return lists from XSUB's - see CWmXPUSHp instead. See also CWPUSHp and CWmPUSHp.

        void    XPUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len)

XPUSHs

Push an SV onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. Does not handle 'set' magic. Does not use CWTARG. See also CWXPUSHmortal, CWPUSHs and CWPUSHmortal.

        void    XPUSHs(SV* sv)

XPUSHu

Push an unsigned integer onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. Handles 'set' magic. Uses CWTARG, so CWdTARGET or CWdXSTARG should be called to declare it. Do not call multiple CWTARG-oriented macros to return lists from XSUB's - see CWmXPUSHu instead. See also CWPUSHu and CWmPUSHu.

        void    XPUSHu(UV uv)

XSRETURN

Return from XSUB, indicating number of items on the stack. This is usually handled by CWxsubpp.

        void    XSRETURN(int nitems)

XSRETURN_EMPTY

Return an empty list from an XSUB immediately.

                XSRETURN_EMPTY;

XSRETURN_IV

Return an integer from an XSUB immediately. Uses CWXST_mIV.

        void    XSRETURN_IV(IV iv)

XSRETURN_NO

Return CW&PL_sv_no from an XSUB immediately. Uses CWXST_mNO.

                XSRETURN_NO;

XSRETURN_NV

Return a double from an XSUB immediately. Uses CWXST_mNV.

        void    XSRETURN_NV(NV nv)

XSRETURN_PV

Return a copy of a string from an XSUB immediately. Uses CWXST_mPV.

        void    XSRETURN_PV(char* str)

XSRETURN_UNDEF

Return CW&PL_sv_undef from an XSUB immediately. Uses CWXST_mUNDEF.

                XSRETURN_UNDEF;

XSRETURN_UV

Return an integer from an XSUB immediately. Uses CWXST_mUV.

        void    XSRETURN_UV(IV uv)

XSRETURN_YES

Return CW&PL_sv_yes from an XSUB immediately. Uses CWXST_mYES.

                XSRETURN_YES;

XST_mIV

Place an integer into the specified position CWpos on the stack. The value is stored in a new mortal SV.

        void    XST_mIV(int pos, IV iv)

XST_mNO

Place CW&PL_sv_no into the specified position CWpos on the stack.

        void    XST_mNO(int pos)

XST_mNV

Place a double into the specified position CWpos on the stack. The value is stored in a new mortal SV.

        void    XST_mNV(int pos, NV nv)

XST_mPV

Place a copy of a string into the specified position CWpos on the stack. The value is stored in a new mortal SV.

        void    XST_mPV(int pos, char* str)

XST_mUNDEF

Place CW&PL_sv_undef into the specified position CWpos on the stack.

        void    XST_mUNDEF(int pos)

XST_mYES

Place CW&PL_sv_yes into the specified position CWpos on the stack.

        void    XST_mYES(int pos)

svtype

An enum of flags for Perl types. These are found in the file sv.h in the CWsvtype enum. Test these flags with the CWSvTYPE macro.

SVt_IV

Integer type flag for scalars. See CWsvtype.

SVt_NV

Double type flag for scalars. See CWsvtype.

SVt_PV

Pointer type flag for scalars. See CWsvtype.

SVt_PVAV

Type flag for arrays. See CWsvtype.

SVt_PVCV

Type flag for code refs. See CWsvtype.

SVt_PVHV

Type flag for hashes. See CWsvtype.

SVt_PVMG

Type flag for blessed scalars. See CWsvtype.

get_sv

Returns the SV of the specified Perl scalar. If CWcreate is set and the Perl variable does not exist then it will be created. If CWcreate is not set and the variable does not exist then NULL is returned. NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.

        SV*     get_sv(const char* name, I32 create)

looks_like_number

Test if the content of an SV looks like a number (or is a number). CWInf and CWInfinity are treated as numbers (so will not issue a non-numeric warning), even if your atof() doesn't grok them.

        I32     looks_like_number(SV* sv)

newRV_inc

Creates an RV wrapper for an SV. The reference count for the original SV is incremented.

        SV*     newRV_inc(SV* sv)

newRV_noinc

Creates an RV wrapper for an SV. The reference count for the original SV is not incremented.

        SV*     newRV_noinc(SV *sv)

NEWSV

Creates a new SV. A non-zero CWlen parameter indicates the number of bytes of preallocated string space the SV should have. An extra byte for a tailing NUL is also reserved. (SvPOK is not set for the SV even if string space is allocated.) The reference count for the new SV is set to 1. CWid is an integer id between 0 and 1299 (used to identify leaks).

        SV*     NEWSV(int id, STRLEN len)

newSV

Create a new null SV, or if len > 0, create a new empty SVt_PV type SV with an initial PV allocation of len+1. Normally accessed via the CWNEWSV macro.

        SV*     newSV(STRLEN len)

newSViv

Creates a new SV and copies an integer into it. The reference count for the SV is set to 1.

        SV*     newSViv(IV i)

newSVnv

Creates a new SV and copies a floating point value into it. The reference count for the SV is set to 1.

        SV*     newSVnv(NV n)

newSVpv

Creates a new SV and copies a string into it. The reference count for the SV is set to 1. If CWlen is zero, Perl will compute the length using strlen(). For efficiency, consider using CWnewSVpvn instead.

        SV*     newSVpv(const char* s, STRLEN len)

newSVpvf

Creates a new SV and initializes it with the string formatted like CWsprintf.

        SV*     newSVpvf(const char* pat, ...)

newSVpvn

Creates a new SV and copies a string into it. The reference count for the SV is set to 1. Note that if CWlen is zero, Perl will create a zero length string. You are responsible for ensuring that the source string is at least CWlen bytes long. If the CWs argument is NULL the new SV will be undefined.

        SV*     newSVpvn(const char* s, STRLEN len)

newSVpvn_share

Creates a new SV with its SvPVX pointing to a shared string in the string table. If the string does not already exist in the table, it is created first. Turns on READONLY and FAKE. The string's hash is stored in the UV slot of the SV; if the CWhash parameter is non-zero, that value is used; otherwise the hash is computed. The idea here is that as the string table is used for shared hash keys these strings will have SvPVX == HeKEY and hash lookup will avoid string compare.

        SV*     newSVpvn_share(const char* s, I32 len, U32 hash)

newSVrv

Creates a new SV for the RV, CWrv, to point to. If CWrv is not an RV then it will be upgraded to one. If CWclassname is non-null then the new SV will be blessed in the specified package. The new SV is returned and its reference count is 1.

        SV*     newSVrv(SV* rv, const char* classname)

newSVsv

Creates a new SV which is an exact duplicate of the original SV. (Uses CWsv_setsv).

        SV*     newSVsv(SV* old)

newSVuv

Creates a new SV and copies an unsigned integer into it. The reference count for the SV is set to 1.

        SV*     newSVuv(UV u)

SvCUR

Returns the length of the string which is in the SV. See CWSvLEN.

        STRLEN  SvCUR(SV* sv)

SvCUR_set

Set the length of the string which is in the SV. See CWSvCUR.

        void    SvCUR_set(SV* sv, STRLEN len)

SvEND

Returns a pointer to the last character in the string which is in the SV. See CWSvCUR. Access the character as *(SvEND(sv)).

        char*   SvEND(SV* sv)

SvGROW

Expands the character buffer in the SV so that it has room for the indicated number of bytes (remember to reserve space for an extra trailing NUL character). Calls CWsv_grow to perform the expansion if necessary. Returns a pointer to the character buffer.

        char *  SvGROW(SV* sv, STRLEN len)

SvIOK

Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains an integer.

        bool    SvIOK(SV* sv)

SvIOKp

Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains an integer. Checks the private setting. Use CWSvIOK.

        bool    SvIOKp(SV* sv)

SvIOK_notUV

Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a signed integer.

        bool    SvIOK_notUV(SV* sv)

SvIOK_off

Unsets the IV status of an SV.

        void    SvIOK_off(SV* sv)

SvIOK_on

Tells an SV that it is an integer.

        void    SvIOK_on(SV* sv)

SvIOK_only

Tells an SV that it is an integer and disables all other OK bits.

        void    SvIOK_only(SV* sv)

SvIOK_only_UV

Tells and SV that it is an unsigned integer and disables all other OK bits.

        void    SvIOK_only_UV(SV* sv)

SvIOK_UV

Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains an unsigned integer.

        bool    SvIOK_UV(SV* sv)

SvIsCOW

Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is Copy-On-Write. (either shared hash key scalars, or full Copy On Write scalars if 5.9.0 is configured for COW)

        bool    SvIsCOW(SV* sv)

SvIsCOW_shared_hash

Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is Copy-On-Write shared hash key scalar.

        bool    SvIsCOW_shared_hash(SV* sv)

SvIV

Coerces the given SV to an integer and returns it. See CWSvIVx for a version which guarantees to evaluate sv only once.

        IV      SvIV(SV* sv)

SvIVX

Returns the raw value in the SV's IV slot, without checks or conversions. Only use when you are sure SvIOK is true. See also CWSvIV().

        IV      SvIVX(SV* sv)

SvIVx

Coerces the given SV to an integer and returns it. Guarantees to evaluate sv only once. Use the more efficient CWSvIV otherwise.

        IV      SvIVx(SV* sv)

SvLEN

Returns the size of the string buffer in the SV, not including any part attributable to CWSvOOK. See CWSvCUR.

        STRLEN  SvLEN(SV* sv)

SvNIOK

Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a number, integer or double.

        bool    SvNIOK(SV* sv)

SvNIOKp

Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a number, integer or double. Checks the private setting. Use CWSvNIOK.

        bool    SvNIOKp(SV* sv)

SvNIOK_off

Unsets the NV/IV status of an SV.

        void    SvNIOK_off(SV* sv)

SvNOK

Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a double.

        bool    SvNOK(SV* sv)

SvNOKp

Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a double. Checks the private setting. Use CWSvNOK.

        bool    SvNOKp(SV* sv)

SvNOK_off

Unsets the NV status of an SV.

        void    SvNOK_off(SV* sv)

SvNOK_on

Tells an SV that it is a double.

        void    SvNOK_on(SV* sv)

SvNOK_only

Tells an SV that it is a double and disables all other OK bits.

        void    SvNOK_only(SV* sv)

SvNV

Coerce the given SV to a double and return it. See CWSvNVx for a version which guarantees to evaluate sv only once.

        NV      SvNV(SV* sv)

SvNVX

Returns the raw value in the SV's NV slot, without checks or conversions. Only use when you are sure SvNOK is true. See also CWSvNV().

        NV      SvNVX(SV* sv)

SvNVx

Coerces the given SV to a double and returns it. Guarantees to evaluate sv only once. Use the more efficient CWSvNV otherwise.

        NV      SvNVx(SV* sv)

SvOK

Returns a boolean indicating whether the value is an SV. It also tells whether the value is defined or not.

        bool    SvOK(SV* sv)

SvOOK

Returns a boolean indicating whether the SvIVX is a valid offset value for the SvPVX. This hack is used internally to speed up removal of characters from the beginning of a SvPV. When SvOOK is true, then the start of the allocated string buffer is really (SvPVX - SvIVX).

        bool    SvOOK(SV* sv)

SvPOK

Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a character string.

        bool    SvPOK(SV* sv)

SvPOKp

Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a character string. Checks the private setting. Use CWSvPOK.

        bool    SvPOKp(SV* sv)

SvPOK_off

Unsets the PV status of an SV.

        void    SvPOK_off(SV* sv)

SvPOK_on

Tells an SV that it is a string.

        void    SvPOK_on(SV* sv)

SvPOK_only

Tells an SV that it is a string and disables all other OK bits. Will also turn off the UTF-8 status.

        void    SvPOK_only(SV* sv)

SvPOK_only_UTF8

Tells an SV that it is a string and disables all other OK bits, and leaves the UTF-8 status as it was.

        void    SvPOK_only_UTF8(SV* sv)

SvPV

Returns a pointer to the string in the SV, or a stringified form of the SV if the SV does not contain a string. The SV may cache the stringified version becoming CWSvPOK. Handles 'get' magic. See also CWSvPVx for a version which guarantees to evaluate sv only once.

        char*   SvPV(SV* sv, STRLEN len)

SvPVbyte

Like CWSvPV, but converts sv to byte representation first if necessary.

        char*   SvPVbyte(SV* sv, STRLEN len)

SvPVbytex

Like CWSvPV, but converts sv to byte representation first if necessary. Guarantees to evaluate sv only once; use the more efficient CWSvPVbyte otherwise.

        char*   SvPVbytex(SV* sv, STRLEN len)

SvPVbytex_force

Like CWSvPV_force, but converts sv to byte representation first if necessary. Guarantees to evaluate sv only once; use the more efficient CWSvPVbyte_force otherwise.

        char*   SvPVbytex_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len)

SvPVbyte_force

Like CWSvPV_force, but converts sv to byte representation first if necessary.

        char*   SvPVbyte_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len)

SvPVbyte_nolen

Like CWSvPV_nolen, but converts sv to byte representation first if necessary.

        char*   SvPVbyte_nolen(SV* sv)

SvPVutf8

Like CWSvPV, but converts sv to utf8 first if necessary.

        char*   SvPVutf8(SV* sv, STRLEN len)

SvPVutf8x

Like CWSvPV, but converts sv to utf8 first if necessary. Guarantees to evaluate sv only once; use the more efficient CWSvPVutf8 otherwise.

        char*   SvPVutf8x(SV* sv, STRLEN len)

SvPVutf8x_force

Like CWSvPV_force, but converts sv to utf8 first if necessary. Guarantees to evaluate sv only once; use the more efficient CWSvPVutf8_force otherwise.

        char*   SvPVutf8x_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len)

SvPVutf8_force

Like CWSvPV_force, but converts sv to utf8 first if necessary.

        char*   SvPVutf8_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len)

SvPVutf8_nolen

Like CWSvPV_nolen, but converts sv to utf8 first if necessary.

        char*   SvPVutf8_nolen(SV* sv)

SvPVX

Returns a pointer to the physical string in the SV. The SV must contain a string.

        char*   SvPVX(SV* sv)

SvPVx

A version of CWSvPV which guarantees to evaluate sv only once.

        char*   SvPVx(SV* sv, STRLEN len)

SvPV_force

Like CWSvPV but will force the SV into containing just a string (CWSvPOK_only). You want force if you are going to update the CWSvPVX directly.

        char*   SvPV_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len)

SvPV_force_nomg

Like CWSvPV but will force the SV into containing just a string (CWSvPOK_only). You want force if you are going to update the CWSvPVX directly. Doesn't process magic.

        char*   SvPV_force_nomg(SV* sv, STRLEN len)

SvPV_nolen

Returns a pointer to the string in the SV, or a stringified form of the SV if the SV does not contain a string. The SV may cache the stringified form becoming CWSvPOK. Handles 'get' magic.

        char*   SvPV_nolen(SV* sv)

SvREFCNT

Returns the value of the object's reference count.

        U32     SvREFCNT(SV* sv)

SvREFCNT_dec

Decrements the reference count of the given SV.

        void    SvREFCNT_dec(SV* sv)

SvREFCNT_inc

Increments the reference count of the given SV.

        SV*     SvREFCNT_inc(SV* sv)

SvROK

Tests if the SV is an RV.

        bool    SvROK(SV* sv)

SvROK_off

Unsets the RV status of an SV.

        void    SvROK_off(SV* sv)

SvROK_on

Tells an SV that it is an RV.

        void    SvROK_on(SV* sv)

SvRV

Dereferences an RV to return the SV.

        SV*     SvRV(SV* sv)

SvSTASH

Returns the stash of the SV.

        HV*     SvSTASH(SV* sv)

SvTAINT

Taints an SV if tainting is enabled.

        void    SvTAINT(SV* sv)

SvTAINTED

Checks to see if an SV is tainted. Returns TRUE if it is, FALSE if not.

        bool    SvTAINTED(SV* sv)

SvTAINTED_off

Untaints an SV. Be very careful with this routine, as it short-circuits some of Perl's fundamental security features. XS module authors should not use this function unless they fully understand all the implications of unconditionally untainting the value. Untainting should be done in the standard perl fashion, via a carefully crafted regexp, rather than directly untainting variables.

        void    SvTAINTED_off(SV* sv)

SvTAINTED_on

Marks an SV as tainted if tainting is enabled.

        void    SvTAINTED_on(SV* sv)

SvTRUE

Returns a boolean indicating whether Perl would evaluate the SV as true or false, defined or undefined. Does not handle 'get' magic.

        bool    SvTRUE(SV* sv)

SvTYPE

Returns the type of the SV. See CWsvtype.

        svtype  SvTYPE(SV* sv)

SvUOK

Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains an unsigned integer.

        void    SvUOK(SV* sv)

SvUPGRADE

Used to upgrade an SV to a more complex form. Uses CWsv_upgrade to perform the upgrade if necessary. See CWsvtype.

        void    SvUPGRADE(SV* sv, svtype type)

SvUTF8

Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains UTF-8 encoded data.

        bool    SvUTF8(SV* sv)

SvUTF8_off

Unsets the UTF-8 status of an SV.

        void    SvUTF8_off(SV *sv)

SvUTF8_on

Turn on the UTF-8 status of an SV (the data is not changed, just the flag). Do not use frivolously.

        void    SvUTF8_on(SV *sv)

SvUV

Coerces the given SV to an unsigned integer and returns it. See CWSvUVx for a version which guarantees to evaluate sv only once.

        UV      SvUV(SV* sv)

SvUVX

Returns the raw value in the SV's UV slot, without checks or conversions. Only use when you are sure SvIOK is true. See also CWSvUV().

        UV      SvUVX(SV* sv)

SvUVx

Coerces the given SV to an unsigned integer and returns it. Guarantees to evaluate sv only once. Use the more efficient CWSvUV otherwise.

        UV      SvUVx(SV* sv)

sv_2bool

This function is only called on magical items, and is only used by sv_true() or its macro equivalent.

        bool    sv_2bool(SV* sv)

sv_2cv

Using various gambits, try to get a CV from an SV; in addition, try if possible to set CW*st and CW*gvp to the stash and GV associated with it.

        CV*     sv_2cv(SV* sv, HV** st, GV** gvp, I32 lref)

sv_2io

Using various gambits, try to get an IO from an SV: the IO slot if its a GV; or the recursive result if we're an RV; or the IO slot of the symbol named after the PV if we're a string.

        IO*     sv_2io(SV* sv)

sv_2iv

Return the integer value of an SV, doing any necessary string conversion, magic etc. Normally used via the CWSvIV(sv) and CWSvIVx(sv) macros.

        IV      sv_2iv(SV* sv)

sv_2mortal

Marks an existing SV as mortal. The SV will be destroyed soon, either by an explicit call to FREETMPS, or by an implicit call at places such as statement boundaries. SvTEMP() is turned on which means that the SV's string buffer can be stolen if this SV is copied. See also CWsv_newmortal and CWsv_mortalcopy.

        SV*     sv_2mortal(SV* sv)

sv_2nv

Return the num value of an SV, doing any necessary string or integer conversion, magic etc. Normally used via the CWSvNV(sv) and CWSvNVx(sv) macros.

        NV      sv_2nv(SV* sv)

sv_2pvbyte

Return a pointer to the byte-encoded representation of the SV, and set *lp to its length. May cause the SV to be downgraded from UTF-8 as a side-effect. Usually accessed via the CWSvPVbyte macro.

        char*   sv_2pvbyte(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp)

sv_2pvbyte_nolen

Return a pointer to the byte-encoded representation of the SV. May cause the SV to be downgraded from UTF-8 as a side-effect. Usually accessed via the CWSvPVbyte_nolen macro.

        char*   sv_2pvbyte_nolen(SV* sv)

sv_2pvutf8

Return a pointer to the UTF-8-encoded representation of the SV, and set *lp to its length. May cause the SV to be upgraded to UTF-8 as a side-effect. Usually accessed via the CWSvPVutf8 macro.

        char*   sv_2pvutf8(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp)

sv_2pvutf8_nolen

Return a pointer to the UTF-8-encoded representation of the SV. May cause the SV to be upgraded to UTF-8 as a side-effect. Usually accessed via the CWSvPVutf8_nolen macro.

        char*   sv_2pvutf8_nolen(SV* sv)

sv_2pv_flags

Returns a pointer to the string value of an SV, and sets *lp to its length. If flags includes SV_GMAGIC, does an mg_get() first. Coerces sv to a string if necessary. Normally invoked via the CWSvPV_flags macro. CWsv_2pv() and CWsv_2pv_nomg usually end up here too.

        char*   sv_2pv_flags(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp, I32 flags)

sv_2pv_nolen

Like CWsv_2pv(), but doesn't return the length too. You should usually use the macro wrapper CWSvPV_nolen(sv) instead. char* sv_2pv_nolen(SV* sv)

sv_2uv

Return the unsigned integer value of an SV, doing any necessary string conversion, magic etc. Normally used via the CWSvUV(sv) and CWSvUVx(sv) macros.

        UV      sv_2uv(SV* sv)

sv_backoff

Remove any string offset. You should normally use the CWSvOOK_off macro wrapper instead.

        int     sv_backoff(SV* sv)

sv_bless

Blesses an SV into a specified package. The SV must be an RV. The package must be designated by its stash (see CWgv_stashpv()). The reference count of the SV is unaffected.

        SV*     sv_bless(SV* sv, HV* stash)

sv_catpv

Concatenates the string onto the end of the string which is in the SV. If the SV has the UTF-8 status set, then the bytes appended should be valid UTF-8. Handles 'get' magic, but not 'set' magic. See CWsv_catpv_mg.

        void    sv_catpv(SV* sv, const char* ptr)

sv_catpvf

Processes its arguments like CWsprintf and appends the formatted output to an SV. If the appended data contains wide characters (including, but not limited to, SVs with a UTF-8 PV formatted with CW%s, and characters >255 formatted with CW%c), the original SV might get upgraded to UTF-8. Handles 'get' magic, but not 'set' magic. See CWsv_catpvf_mg. If the original SV was UTF-8, the pattern should be valid UTF-8; if the original SV was bytes, the pattern should be too.

        void    sv_catpvf(SV* sv, const char* pat, ...)

sv_catpvf_mg

Like CWsv_catpvf, but also handles 'set' magic.

        void    sv_catpvf_mg(SV *sv, const char* pat, ...)

sv_catpvn

Concatenates the string onto the end of the string which is in the SV. The CWlen indicates number of bytes to copy. If the SV has the UTF-8 status set, then the bytes appended should be valid UTF-8. Handles 'get' magic, but not 'set' magic. See CWsv_catpvn_mg.

        void    sv_catpvn(SV* sv, const char* ptr, STRLEN len)

sv_catpvn_flags

Concatenates the string onto the end of the string which is in the SV. The CWlen indicates number of bytes to copy. If the SV has the UTF-8 status set, then the bytes appended should be valid UTF-8. If CWflags has CWSV_GMAGIC bit set, will CWmg_get on CWdsv if appropriate, else not. CWsv_catpvn and CWsv_catpvn_nomg are implemented in terms of this function.

        void    sv_catpvn_flags(SV* sv, const char* ptr, STRLEN len, I32 flags)

sv_catpvn_mg

Like CWsv_catpvn, but also handles 'set' magic.

        void    sv_catpvn_mg(SV *sv, const char *ptr, STRLEN len)

sv_catpvn_nomg

Like CWsv_catpvn but doesn't process magic.

        void    sv_catpvn_nomg(SV* sv, const char* ptr, STRLEN len)

sv_catpv_mg

Like CWsv_catpv, but also handles 'set' magic.

        void    sv_catpv_mg(SV *sv, const char *ptr)

sv_catsv

Concatenates the string from SV CWssv onto the end of the string in SV CWdsv. Modifies CWdsv but not CWssv. Handles 'get' magic, but not 'set' magic. See CWsv_catsv_mg.

        void    sv_catsv(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)

sv_catsv_flags

Concatenates the string from SV CWssv onto the end of the string in SV CWdsv. Modifies CWdsv but not CWssv. If CWflags has CWSV_GMAGIC bit set, will CWmg_get on the SVs if appropriate, else not. CWsv_catsv and CWsv_catsv_nomg are implemented in terms of this function.

        void    sv_catsv_flags(SV* dsv, SV* ssv, I32 flags)

sv_catsv_mg

Like CWsv_catsv, but also handles 'set' magic.

        void    sv_catsv_mg(SV *dstr, SV *sstr)

sv_catsv_nomg

Like CWsv_catsv but doesn't process magic.

        void    sv_catsv_nomg(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)

sv_chop

Efficient removal of characters from the beginning of the string buffer. SvPOK(sv) must be true and the CWptr must be a pointer to somewhere inside the string buffer. The CWptr becomes the first character of the adjusted string. Uses the OOK hack. Beware: after this function returns, CWptr and SvPVX(sv) may no longer refer to the same chunk of data.

        void    sv_chop(SV* sv, char* ptr)

sv_clear

Clear an SV: call any destructors, free up any memory used by the body, and free the body itself. The SV's head is not freed, although its type is set to all 1's so that it won't inadvertently be assumed to be live during global destruction etc. This function should only be called when REFCNT is zero. Most of the time you'll want to call CWsv_free() (or its macro wrapper CWSvREFCNT_dec) instead.

        void    sv_clear(SV* sv)

sv_cmp

Compares the strings in two SVs. Returns -1, 0, or 1 indicating whether the string in CWsv1 is less than, equal to, or greater than the string in CWsv2. Is UTF-8 and 'use bytes' aware, handles get magic, and will coerce its args to strings if necessary. See also CWsv_cmp_locale.

        I32     sv_cmp(SV* sv1, SV* sv2)

sv_cmp_locale

Compares the strings in two SVs in a locale-aware manner. Is UTF-8 and 'use bytes' aware, handles get magic, and will coerce its args to strings if necessary. See also CWsv_cmp_locale. See also CWsv_cmp.

        I32     sv_cmp_locale(SV* sv1, SV* sv2)

sv_collxfrm

Add Collate Transform magic to an SV if it doesn't already have it. Any scalar variable may carry PERL_MAGIC_collxfrm magic that contains the scalar data of the variable, but transformed to such a format that a normal memory comparison can be used to compare the data according to the locale settings.

        char*   sv_collxfrm(SV* sv, STRLEN* nxp)

sv_copypv

Copies a stringified representation of the source SV into the destination SV. Automatically performs any necessary mg_get and coercion of numeric values into strings. Guaranteed to preserve UTF-8 flag even from overloaded objects. Similar in nature to sv_2pv[_flags] but operates directly on an SV instead of just the string. Mostly uses sv_2pv_flags to do its work, except when that would lose the UTF-8'ness of the PV.

        void    sv_copypv(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)

sv_dec

Auto-decrement of the value in the SV, doing string to numeric conversion if necessary. Handles 'get' magic.

        void    sv_dec(SV* sv)

sv_derived_from

Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is derived from the specified class. This is the function that implements CWUNIVERSAL::isa. It works for class names as well as for objects.

        bool    sv_derived_from(SV* sv, const char* name)

sv_eq

Returns a boolean indicating whether the strings in the two SVs are identical. Is UTF-8 and 'use bytes' aware, handles get magic, and will coerce its args to strings if necessary.

        I32     sv_eq(SV* sv1, SV* sv2)

sv_force_normal

Undo various types of fakery on an SV: if the PV is a shared string, make a private copy; if we're a ref, stop refing; if we're a glob, downgrade to an xpvmg. See also CWsv_force_normal_flags.

        void    sv_force_normal(SV *sv)

sv_force_normal_flags

Undo various types of fakery on an SV: if the PV is a shared string, make a private copy; if we're a ref, stop refing; if we're a glob, downgrade to an xpvmg. The CWflags parameter gets passed to CWsv_unref_flags() when unrefing. CWsv_force_normal calls this function with flags set to 0.

        void    sv_force_normal_flags(SV *sv, U32 flags)

sv_free

Decrement an SV's reference count, and if it drops to zero, call CWsv_clear to invoke destructors and free up any memory used by the body; finally, deallocate the SV's head itself. Normally called via a wrapper macro CWSvREFCNT_dec.

        void    sv_free(SV* sv)

sv_gets

Get a line from the filehandle and store it into the SV, optionally appending to the currently-stored string.

        char*   sv_gets(SV* sv, PerlIO* fp, I32 append)

sv_grow

Expands the character buffer in the SV. If necessary, uses CWsv_unref and upgrades the SV to CWSVt_PV. Returns a pointer to the character buffer. Use the CWSvGROW wrapper instead.

        char*   sv_grow(SV* sv, STRLEN newlen)

sv_inc

Auto-increment of the value in the SV, doing string to numeric conversion if necessary. Handles 'get' magic.

        void    sv_inc(SV* sv)

sv_insert

Inserts a string at the specified offset/length within the SV. Similar to the Perl substr() function.

        void    sv_insert(SV* bigsv, STRLEN offset, STRLEN len, char* little, STRLEN littlelen)

sv_isa

Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is blessed into the specified class. This does not check for subtypes; use CWsv_derived_from to verify an inheritance relationship.

        int     sv_isa(SV* sv, const char* name)

sv_isobject

Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is an RV pointing to a blessed object. If the SV is not an RV, or if the object is not blessed, then this will return false.

        int     sv_isobject(SV* sv)

sv_iv

A private implementation of the CWSvIVx macro for compilers which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro instead.

        IV      sv_iv(SV* sv)

sv_len

Returns the length of the string in the SV. Handles magic and type coercion. See also CWSvCUR, which gives raw access to the xpv_cur slot.

        STRLEN  sv_len(SV* sv)

sv_len_utf8

Returns the number of characters in the string in an SV, counting wide UTF-8 bytes as a single character. Handles magic and type coercion.

        STRLEN  sv_len_utf8(SV* sv)

sv_magic

Adds magic to an SV. First upgrades CWsv to type CWSVt_PVMG if necessary, then adds a new magic item of type CWhow to the head of the magic list. See CWsv_magicext (which CWsv_magic now calls) for a description of the handling of the CWname and CWnamlen arguments. You need to use CWsv_magicext to add magic to SvREADONLY SVs and also to add more than one instance of the same 'how'.

        void    sv_magic(SV* sv, SV* obj, int how, const char* name, I32 namlen)

sv_magicext

Adds magic to an SV, upgrading it if necessary. Applies the supplied vtable and returns a pointer to the magic added. Note that CWsv_magicext will allow things that CWsv_magic will not. In particular, you can add magic to SvREADONLY SVs, and add more than one instance of the same 'how'. If CWnamlen is greater than zero then a CWsavepvn copy of CWname is stored, if CWnamlen is zero then CWname is stored as-is and - as another special case - if CW(name && namlen == HEf_SVKEY) then CWname is assumed to contain an CWSV* and is stored as-is with its REFCNT incremented. (This is now used as a subroutine by CWsv_magic.)

        MAGIC * sv_magicext(SV* sv, SV* obj, int how, MGVTBL *vtbl, const char* name, I32 namlen)

sv_mortalcopy

Creates a new SV which is a copy of the original SV (using CWsv_setsv). The new SV is marked as mortal. It will be destroyed soon, either by an explicit call to FREETMPS, or by an implicit call at places such as statement boundaries. See also CWsv_newmortal and CWsv_2mortal.

        SV*     sv_mortalcopy(SV* oldsv)

sv_newmortal

Creates a new null SV which is mortal. The reference count of the SV is set to 1. It will be destroyed soon, either by an explicit call to FREETMPS, or by an implicit call at places such as statement boundaries. See also CWsv_mortalcopy and CWsv_2mortal.

        SV*     sv_newmortal()

sv_newref

Increment an SV's reference count. Use the CWSvREFCNT_inc() wrapper instead.

        SV*     sv_newref(SV* sv)

sv_nv

A private implementation of the CWSvNVx macro for compilers which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro instead.

        NV      sv_nv(SV* sv)

sv_pos_b2u

Converts the value pointed to by offsetp from a count of bytes from the start of the string, to a count of the equivalent number of UTF-8 chars. Handles magic and type coercion.

        void    sv_pos_b2u(SV* sv, I32* offsetp)

sv_pos_u2b

Converts the value pointed to by offsetp from a count of UTF-8 chars from the start of the string, to a count of the equivalent number of bytes; if lenp is non-zero, it does the same to lenp, but this time starting from the offset, rather than from the start of the string. Handles magic and type coercion.

        void    sv_pos_u2b(SV* sv, I32* offsetp, I32* lenp)

sv_pv

Use the CWSvPV_nolen macro instead

        char*   sv_pv(SV *sv)

sv_pvbyte

Use CWSvPVbyte_nolen instead.

        char*   sv_pvbyte(SV *sv)

sv_pvbyten

A private implementation of the CWSvPVbyte macro for compilers which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro instead.

        char*   sv_pvbyten(SV *sv, STRLEN *len)

sv_pvbyten_force

A private implementation of the CWSvPVbytex_force macro for compilers which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro instead.

        char*   sv_pvbyten_force(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp)

sv_pvn

A private implementation of the CWSvPV macro for compilers which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro instead.

        char*   sv_pvn(SV *sv, STRLEN *len)

sv_pvn_force

Get a sensible string out of the SV somehow. A private implementation of the CWSvPV_force macro for compilers which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro instead.

        char*   sv_pvn_force(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp)

sv_pvn_force_flags

Get a sensible string out of the SV somehow. If CWflags has CWSV_GMAGIC bit set, will CWmg_get on CWsv if appropriate, else not. CWsv_pvn_force and CWsv_pvn_force_nomg are implemented in terms of this function. You normally want to use the various wrapper macros instead: see CWSvPV_force and CWSvPV_force_nomg

        char*   sv_pvn_force_flags(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp, I32 flags)

sv_pvutf8

Use the CWSvPVutf8_nolen macro instead

        char*   sv_pvutf8(SV *sv)

sv_pvutf8n

A private implementation of the CWSvPVutf8 macro for compilers which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro instead.

        char*   sv_pvutf8n(SV *sv, STRLEN *len)

sv_pvutf8n_force

A private implementation of the CWSvPVutf8_force macro for compilers which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro instead.

        char*   sv_pvutf8n_force(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp)

sv_reftype

Returns a string describing what the SV is a reference to.

        char*   sv_reftype(SV* sv, int ob)

sv_replace

Make the first argument a copy of the second, then delete the original. The target SV physically takes over ownership of the body of the source SV and inherits its flags; however, the target keeps any magic it owns, and any magic in the source is discarded. Note that this is a rather specialist SV copying operation; most of the time you'll want to use CWsv_setsv or one of its many macro front-ends.

        void    sv_replace(SV* sv, SV* nsv)

sv_report_used

Dump the contents of all SVs not yet freed. (Debugging aid).

        void    sv_report_used()

sv_reset

Underlying implementation for the CWreset Perl function. Note that the perl-level function is vaguely deprecated.

        void    sv_reset(char* s, HV* stash)

sv_rvweaken

Weaken a reference: set the CWSvWEAKREF flag on this RV; give the referred-to SV CWPERL_MAGIC_backref magic if it hasn't already; and push a back-reference to this RV onto the array of backreferences associated with that magic.

        SV*     sv_rvweaken(SV *sv)

sv_setiv

Copies an integer into the given SV, upgrading first if necessary. Does not handle 'set' magic. See also CWsv_setiv_mg.

        void    sv_setiv(SV* sv, IV num)

sv_setiv_mg

Like CWsv_setiv, but also handles 'set' magic.

        void    sv_setiv_mg(SV *sv, IV i)

sv_setnv

Copies a double into the given SV, upgrading first if necessary. Does not handle 'set' magic. See also CWsv_setnv_mg.

        void    sv_setnv(SV* sv, NV num)

sv_setnv_mg

Like CWsv_setnv, but also handles 'set' magic.

        void    sv_setnv_mg(SV *sv, NV num)

sv_setpv

Copies a string into an SV. The string must be null-terminated. Does not handle 'set' magic. See CWsv_setpv_mg.

        void    sv_setpv(SV* sv, const char* ptr)

sv_setpvf

Works like CWsv_catpvf but copies the text into the SV instead of appending it. Does not handle 'set' magic. See CWsv_setpvf_mg.

        void    sv_setpvf(SV* sv, const char* pat, ...)

sv_setpvf_mg

Like CWsv_setpvf, but also handles 'set' magic.

        void    sv_setpvf_mg(SV *sv, const char* pat, ...)

sv_setpviv

Copies an integer into the given SV, also updating its string value. Does not handle 'set' magic. See CWsv_setpviv_mg.

        void    sv_setpviv(SV* sv, IV num)

sv_setpviv_mg

Like CWsv_setpviv, but also handles 'set' magic.

        void    sv_setpviv_mg(SV *sv, IV iv)

sv_setpvn

Copies a string into an SV. The CWlen parameter indicates the number of bytes to be copied. If the CWptr argument is NULL the SV will become undefined. Does not handle 'set' magic. See CWsv_setpvn_mg.

        void    sv_setpvn(SV* sv, const char* ptr, STRLEN len)

sv_setpvn_mg

Like CWsv_setpvn, but also handles 'set' magic.

        void    sv_setpvn_mg(SV *sv, const char *ptr, STRLEN len)

sv_setpv_mg

Like CWsv_setpv, but also handles 'set' magic.

        void    sv_setpv_mg(SV *sv, const char *ptr)

sv_setref_iv

Copies an integer into a new SV, optionally blessing the SV. The CWrv argument will be upgraded to an RV. That RV will be modified to point to the new SV. The CWclassname argument indicates the package for the blessing. Set CWclassname to CWNullch to avoid the blessing. The new SV will have a reference count of 1, and the RV will be returned.

        SV*     sv_setref_iv(SV* rv, const char* classname, IV iv)

sv_setref_nv

Copies a double into a new SV, optionally blessing the SV. The CWrv argument will be upgraded to an RV. That RV will be modified to point to the new SV. The CWclassname argument indicates the package for the blessing. Set CWclassname to CWNullch to avoid the blessing. The new SV will have a reference count of 1, and the RV will be returned.

        SV*     sv_setref_nv(SV* rv, const char* classname, NV nv)

sv_setref_pv

Copies a pointer into a new SV, optionally blessing the SV. The CWrv argument will be upgraded to an RV. That RV will be modified to point to the new SV. If the CWpv argument is NULL then CWPL_sv_undef will be placed into the SV. The CWclassname argument indicates the package for the blessing. Set CWclassname to CWNullch to avoid the blessing. The new SV will have a reference count of 1, and the RV will be returned. Do not use with other Perl types such as HV, AV, SV, CV, because those objects will become corrupted by the pointer copy process. Note that CWsv_setref_pvn copies the string while this copies the pointer.

        SV*     sv_setref_pv(SV* rv, const char* classname, void* pv)

sv_setref_pvn

Copies a string into a new SV, optionally blessing the SV. The length of the string must be specified with CWn. The CWrv argument will be upgraded to an RV. That RV will be modified to point to the new SV. The CWclassname argument indicates the package for the blessing. Set CWclassname to CWNullch to avoid the blessing. The new SV will have a reference count of 1, and the RV will be returned. Note that CWsv_setref_pv copies the pointer while this copies the string.

        SV*     sv_setref_pvn(SV* rv, const char* classname, char* pv, STRLEN n)

sv_setref_uv

Copies an unsigned integer into a new SV, optionally blessing the SV. The CWrv argument will be upgraded to an RV. That RV will be modified to point to the new SV. The CWclassname argument indicates the package for the blessing. Set CWclassname to CWNullch to avoid the blessing. The new SV will have a reference count of 1, and the RV will be returned.

        SV*     sv_setref_uv(SV* rv, const char* classname, UV uv)

sv_setsv

Copies the contents of the source SV CWssv into the destination SV CWdsv. The source SV may be destroyed if it is mortal, so don't use this function if the source SV needs to be reused. Does not handle 'set' magic. Loosely speaking, it performs a copy-by-value, obliterating any previous content of the destination. You probably want to use one of the assortment of wrappers, such as CWSvSetSV, CWSvSetSV_nosteal, CWSvSetMagicSV and CWSvSetMagicSV_nosteal.

        void    sv_setsv(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)

sv_setsv_flags

Copies the contents of the source SV CWssv into the destination SV CWdsv. The source SV may be destroyed if it is mortal, so don't use this function if the source SV needs to be reused. Does not handle 'set' magic. Loosely speaking, it performs a copy-by-value, obliterating any previous content of the destination. If the CWflags parameter has the CWSV_GMAGIC bit set, will CWmg_get on CWssv if appropriate, else not. If the CWflags parameter has the CWNOSTEAL bit set then the buffers of temps will not be stolen. <sv_setsv> and CWsv_setsv_nomg are implemented in terms of this function. You probably want to use one of the assortment of wrappers, such as CWSvSetSV, CWSvSetSV_nosteal, CWSvSetMagicSV and CWSvSetMagicSV_nosteal. This is the primary function for copying scalars, and most other copy-ish functions and macros use this underneath.

        void    sv_setsv_flags(SV* dsv, SV* ssv, I32 flags)

sv_setsv_mg

Like CWsv_setsv, but also handles 'set' magic.

        void    sv_setsv_mg(SV *dstr, SV *sstr)

sv_setsv_nomg

Like CWsv_setsv but doesn't process magic.

        void    sv_setsv_nomg(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)

sv_setuv

Copies an unsigned integer into the given SV, upgrading first if necessary. Does not handle 'set' magic. See also CWsv_setuv_mg.

        void    sv_setuv(SV* sv, UV num)

sv_setuv_mg

Like CWsv_setuv, but also handles 'set' magic.

        void    sv_setuv_mg(SV *sv, UV u)

sv_taint

Taint an SV. Use CWSvTAINTED_on instead. void sv_taint(SV* sv)

sv_tainted

Test an SV for taintedness. Use CWSvTAINTED instead. bool sv_tainted(SV* sv)

sv_true

Returns true if the SV has a true value by Perl's rules. Use the CWSvTRUE macro instead, which may call CWsv_true() or may instead use an in-line version.

        I32     sv_true(SV *sv)

sv_unmagic

Removes all magic of type CWtype from an SV.

        int     sv_unmagic(SV* sv, int type)

sv_unref

Unsets the RV status of the SV, and decrements the reference count of whatever was being referenced by the RV. This can almost be thought of as a reversal of CWnewSVrv. This is CWsv_unref_flags with the CWflag being zero. See CWSvROK_off.

        void    sv_unref(SV* sv)

sv_unref_flags

Unsets the RV status of the SV, and decrements the reference count of whatever was being referenced by the RV. This can almost be thought of as a reversal of CWnewSVrv. The CWcflags argument can contain CWSV_IMMEDIATE_UNREF to force the reference count to be decremented (otherwise the decrementing is conditional on the reference count being different from one or the reference being a readonly SV). See CWSvROK_off.

        void    sv_unref_flags(SV* sv, U32 flags)

sv_untaint

Untaint an SV. Use CWSvTAINTED_off instead. void sv_untaint(SV* sv)

sv_upgrade

Upgrade an SV to a more complex form. Generally adds a new body type to the SV, then copies across as much information as possible from the old body. You generally want to use the CWSvUPGRADE macro wrapper. See also CWsvtype.

        bool    sv_upgrade(SV* sv, U32 mt)

sv_usepvn

Tells an SV to use CWptr to find its string value. Normally the string is stored inside the SV but sv_usepvn allows the SV to use an outside string. The CWptr should point to memory that was allocated by CWmalloc. The string length, CWlen, must be supplied. This function will realloc the memory pointed to by CWptr, so that pointer should not be freed or used by the programmer after giving it to sv_usepvn. Does not handle 'set' magic. See CWsv_usepvn_mg.

        void    sv_usepvn(SV* sv, char* ptr, STRLEN len)

sv_usepvn_mg

Like CWsv_usepvn, but also handles 'set' magic.

        void    sv_usepvn_mg(SV *sv, char *ptr, STRLEN len)

sv_utf8_decode

If the PV of the SV is an octet sequence in UTF-8 and contains a multiple-byte character, the CWSvUTF8 flag is turned on so that it looks like a character. If the PV contains only single-byte characters, the CWSvUTF8 flag stays being off. Scans PV for validity and returns false if the PV is invalid UTF-8. NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without notice.

        bool    sv_utf8_decode(SV *sv)

sv_utf8_downgrade

Attempts to convert the PV of an SV from characters to bytes. If the PV contains a character beyond byte, this conversion will fail; in this case, either returns false or, if CWfail_ok is not true, croaks. This is not as a general purpose Unicode to byte encoding interface: use the Encode extension for that. NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without notice.

        bool    sv_utf8_downgrade(SV *sv, bool fail_ok)

sv_utf8_encode

Converts the PV of an SV to UTF-8, but then turns the CWSvUTF8 flag off so that it looks like octets again.

        void    sv_utf8_encode(SV *sv)

sv_utf8_upgrade

Converts the PV of an SV to its UTF-8-encoded form. Forces the SV to string form if it is not already. Always sets the SvUTF8 flag to avoid future validity checks even if all the bytes have hibit clear. This is not as a general purpose byte encoding to Unicode interface: use the Encode extension for that.

        STRLEN  sv_utf8_upgrade(SV *sv)

sv_utf8_upgrade_flags

Converts the PV of an SV to its UTF-8-encoded form. Forces the SV to string form if it is not already. Always sets the SvUTF8 flag to avoid future validity checks even if all the bytes have hibit clear. If CWflags has CWSV_GMAGIC bit set, will CWmg_get on CWsv if appropriate, else not. CWsv_utf8_upgrade and CWsv_utf8_upgrade_nomg are implemented in terms of this function. This is not as a general purpose byte encoding to Unicode interface: use the Encode extension for that.

        STRLEN  sv_utf8_upgrade_flags(SV *sv, I32 flags)

sv_uv

A private implementation of the CWSvUVx macro for compilers which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro instead.

        UV      sv_uv(SV* sv)

sv_vcatpvf

Processes its arguments like CWvsprintf and appends the formatted output to an SV. Does not handle 'set' magic. See CWsv_vcatpvf_mg. Usually used via its frontend CWsv_catpvf.

        void    sv_vcatpvf(SV* sv, const char* pat, va_list* args)

sv_vcatpvfn

Processes its arguments like CWvsprintf and appends the formatted output to an SV. Uses an array of SVs if the C style variable argument list is missing (NULL). When running with taint checks enabled, indicates via CWmaybe_tainted if results are untrustworthy (often due to the use of locales). Usually used via one of its frontends CWsv_vcatpvf and CWsv_vcatpvf_mg.

        void    sv_vcatpvfn(SV* sv, const char* pat, STRLEN patlen, va_list* args, SV** svargs, I32 svmax, bool *maybe_tainted)

sv_vcatpvf_mg

Like CWsv_vcatpvf, but also handles 'set' magic. Usually used via its frontend CWsv_catpvf_mg.

        void    sv_vcatpvf_mg(SV* sv, const char* pat, va_list* args)

sv_vsetpvf

Works like CWsv_vcatpvf but copies the text into the SV instead of appending it. Does not handle 'set' magic. See CWsv_vsetpvf_mg. Usually used via its frontend CWsv_setpvf.

        void    sv_vsetpvf(SV* sv, const char* pat, va_list* args)

sv_vsetpvfn

Works like CWsv_vcatpvfn but copies the text into the SV instead of appending it. Usually used via one of its frontends CWsv_vsetpvf and CWsv_vsetpvf_mg.

        void    sv_vsetpvfn(SV* sv, const char* pat, STRLEN patlen, va_list* args, SV** svargs, I32 svmax, bool *maybe_tainted)

sv_vsetpvf_mg

Like CWsv_vsetpvf, but also handles 'set' magic. Usually used via its frontend CWsv_setpvf_mg.

        void    sv_vsetpvf_mg(SV* sv, const char* pat, va_list* args)

bytes_from_utf8

Converts a string CWs of length CWlen from UTF-8 into byte encoding. Unlike <utf8_to_bytes> but like CWbytes_to_utf8, returns a pointer to the newly-created string, and updates CWlen to contain the new length. Returns the original string if no conversion occurs, CWlen is unchanged. Do nothing if CWis_utf8 points to 0. Sets CWis_utf8 to 0 if CWs is converted or contains all 7bit characters. NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without notice.

        U8*     bytes_from_utf8(U8 *s, STRLEN *len, bool *is_utf8)

bytes_to_utf8

Converts a string CWs of length CWlen from ASCII into UTF-8 encoding. Returns a pointer to the newly-created string, and sets CWlen to reflect the new length. If you want to convert to UTF-8 from other encodings than ASCII, see sv_recode_to_utf8(). NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without notice.

        U8*     bytes_to_utf8(U8 *s, STRLEN *len)

ibcmp_utf8

Return true if the strings s1 and s2 differ case-insensitively, false if not (if they are equal case-insensitively). If u1 is true, the string s1 is assumed to be in UTF-8-encoded Unicode. If u2 is true, the string s2 is assumed to be in UTF-8-encoded Unicode. If u1 or u2 are false, the respective string is assumed to be in native 8-bit encoding. If the pe1 and pe2 are non-NULL, the scanning pointers will be copied in there (they will point at the beginning of the next character). If the pointers behind pe1 or pe2 are non-NULL, they are the end pointers beyond which scanning will not continue under any circumstances. If the byte lengths l1 and l2 are non-zero, s1+l1 and s2+l2 will be used as goal end pointers that will also stop the scan, and which qualify towards defining a successful match: all the scans that define an explicit length must reach their goal pointers for a match to succeed). For case-insensitiveness, the casefolding of Unicode is used instead of upper/lowercasing both the characters, see http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr21/ (Case Mappings).

        I32     ibcmp_utf8(const char* a, char **pe1, UV l1, bool u1, const char* b, char **pe2, UV l2, bool u2)

is_utf8_char

Tests if some arbitrary number of bytes begins in a valid UTF-8 character. Note that an INVARIANT (i.e. ASCII) character is a valid UTF-8 character. The actual number of bytes in the UTF-8 character will be returned if it is valid, otherwise 0.

        STRLEN  is_utf8_char(U8 *p)

is_utf8_string

Returns true if first CWlen bytes of the given string form a valid UTF-8 string, false otherwise. Note that 'a valid UTF-8 string' does not mean 'a string that contains code points above 0x7F encoded in UTF-8' because a valid ASCII string is a valid UTF-8 string.

        bool    is_utf8_string(U8 *s, STRLEN len)

is_utf8_string_loc

Like is_ut8_string but store the location of the failure in the last argument.

        bool    is_utf8_string_loc(U8 *s, STRLEN len, U8 **p)

pv_uni_display

Build to the scalar dsv a displayable version of the string spv, length len, the displayable version being at most pvlim bytes long (if longer, the rest is truncated and ... will be appended). The flags argument can have UNI_DISPLAY_ISPRINT set to display isPRINT()able characters as themselves, UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSLASH to display the \\[nrfta\\] as the backslashed versions (like '\n') (UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSLASH is preferred over UNI_DISPLAY_ISPRINT for \\). UNI_DISPLAY_QQ (and its alias UNI_DISPLAY_REGEX) have both UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSLASH and UNI_DISPLAY_ISPRINT turned on. The pointer to the PV of the dsv is returned.

        char*   pv_uni_display(SV *dsv, U8 *spv, STRLEN len, STRLEN pvlim, UV flags)

sv_cat_decode

The encoding is assumed to be an Encode object, the PV of the ssv is assumed to be octets in that encoding and decoding the input starts from the position which (PV + *offset) pointed to. The dsv will be concatenated the decoded UTF-8 string from ssv. Decoding will terminate when the string tstr appears in decoding output or the input ends on the PV of the ssv. The value which the offset points will be modified to the last input position on the ssv. Returns TRUE if the terminator was found, else returns FALSE.

        bool    sv_cat_decode(SV* dsv, SV *encoding, SV *ssv, int *offset, char* tstr, int tlen)

sv_recode_to_utf8

The encoding is assumed to be an Encode object, on entry the PV of the sv is assumed to be octets in that encoding, and the sv will be converted into Unicode (and UTF-8). If the sv already is UTF-8 (or if it is not POK), or if the encoding is not a reference, nothing is done to the sv. If the encoding is not an CWEncode::XS Encoding object, bad things will happen. (See lib/encoding.pm and Encode). The PV of the sv is returned.

        char*   sv_recode_to_utf8(SV* sv, SV *encoding)

sv_uni_display

Build to the scalar dsv a displayable version of the scalar sv, the displayable version being at most pvlim bytes long (if longer, the rest is truncated and ... will be appended). The flags argument is as in pv_uni_display(). The pointer to the PV of the dsv is returned.

        char*   sv_uni_display(SV *dsv, SV *ssv, STRLEN pvlim, UV flags)

to_utf8_case

The p contains the pointer to the UTF-8 string encoding the character that is being converted. The ustrp is a pointer to the character buffer to put the conversion result to. The lenp is a pointer to the length of the result. The swashp is a pointer to the swash to use. Both the special and normal mappings are stored lib/unicore/To/Foo.pl, and loaded by SWASHGET, using lib/utf8_heavy.pl. The special (usually, but not always, a multicharacter mapping), is tried first. The special is a string like utf8::ToSpecLower, which means the hash CW%utf8::ToSpecLower. The access to the hash is through Perl_to_utf8_case(). The normal is a string like ToLower which means the swash CW%utf8::ToLower.

        UV      to_utf8_case(U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp, SV **swash, char *normal, char *special)

to_utf8_fold

Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its foldcase version and store that in UTF-8 in ustrp and its length in bytes in lenp. Note that the ustrp needs to be at least UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1 bytes since the foldcase version may be longer than the original character (up to three characters). The first character of the foldcased version is returned (but note, as explained above, that there may be more.)

        UV      to_utf8_fold(U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)

to_utf8_lower

Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its lowercase version and store that in UTF-8 in ustrp and its length in bytes in lenp. Note that the ustrp needs to be at least UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1 bytes since the lowercase version may be longer than the original character. The first character of the lowercased version is returned (but note, as explained above, that there may be more.)

        UV      to_utf8_lower(U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)

to_utf8_title

Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its titlecase version and store that in UTF-8 in ustrp and its length in bytes in lenp. Note that the ustrp needs to be at least UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1 bytes since the titlecase version may be longer than the original character. The first character of the titlecased version is returned (but note, as explained above, that there may be more.)

        UV      to_utf8_title(U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)

to_utf8_upper

Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its uppercase version and store that in UTF-8 in ustrp and its length in bytes in lenp. Note that the ustrp needs to be at least UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1 bytes since the uppercase version may be longer than the original character. The first character of the uppercased version is returned (but note, as explained above, that there may be more.)

        UV      to_utf8_upper(U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)

utf8n_to_uvchr

Returns the native character value of the first character in the string CWs which is assumed to be in UTF-8 encoding; CWretlen will be set to the length, in bytes, of that character. Allows length and flags to be passed to low level routine.

        UV      utf8n_to_uvchr(U8 *s, STRLEN curlen, STRLEN* retlen, U32 flags)

utf8n_to_uvuni

Bottom level UTF-8 decode routine. Returns the unicode code point value of the first character in the string CWs which is assumed to be in UTF-8 encoding and no longer than CWcurlen; CWretlen will be set to the length, in bytes, of that character. If CWs does not point to a well-formed UTF-8 character, the behaviour is dependent on the value of CWflags: if it contains UTF8_CHECK_ONLY, it is assumed that the caller will raise a warning, and this function will silently just set CWretlen to CW-1 and return zero. If the CWflags does not contain UTF8_CHECK_ONLY, warnings about malformations will be given, CWretlen will be set to the expected length of the UTF-8 character in bytes, and zero will be returned. The CWflags can also contain various flags to allow deviations from the strict UTF-8 encoding (see utf8.h). Most code should use utf8_to_uvchr() rather than call this directly.

        UV      utf8n_to_uvuni(U8 *s, STRLEN curlen, STRLEN* retlen, U32 flags)

utf8_distance

Returns the number of UTF-8 characters between the UTF-8 pointers CWa and CWb. WARNING: use only if you *know* that the pointers point inside the same UTF-8 buffer.

        IV      utf8_distance(U8 *a, U8 *b)

utf8_hop

Return the UTF-8 pointer CWs displaced by CWoff characters, either forward or backward. WARNING: do not use the following unless you *know* CWoff is within the UTF-8 data pointed to by CWs *and* that on entry CWs is aligned on the first byte of character or just after the last byte of a character.

        U8*     utf8_hop(U8 *s, I32 off)

utf8_length

Return the length of the UTF-8 char encoded string CWs in characters. Stops at CWe (inclusive). If CWe < s or if the scan would end up past CWe, croaks.

        STRLEN  utf8_length(U8* s, U8 *e)

utf8_to_bytes

Converts a string CWs of length CWlen from UTF-8 into byte encoding. Unlike CWbytes_to_utf8, this over-writes the original string, and updates len to contain the new length. Returns zero on failure, setting CWlen to -1. NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without notice.

        U8*     utf8_to_bytes(U8 *s, STRLEN *len)

utf8_to_uvchr

Returns the native character value of the first character in the string CWs which is assumed to be in UTF-8 encoding; CWretlen will be set to the length, in bytes, of that character. If CWs does not point to a well-formed UTF-8 character, zero is returned and retlen is set, if possible, to -1.

        UV      utf8_to_uvchr(U8 *s, STRLEN* retlen)

utf8_to_uvuni

Returns the Unicode code point of the first character in the string CWs which is assumed to be in UTF-8 encoding; CWretlen will be set to the length, in bytes, of that character. This function should only be used when returned UV is considered an index into the Unicode semantic tables (e.g. swashes). If CWs does not point to a well-formed UTF-8 character, zero is returned and retlen is set, if possible, to -1.

        UV      utf8_to_uvuni(U8 *s, STRLEN* retlen)

uvchr_to_utf8

Adds the UTF-8 representation of the Native codepoint CWuv to the end of the string CWd; CWd should be have at least CWUTF8_MAXBYTES+1 free bytes available. The return value is the pointer to the byte after the end of the new character. In other words,

    d = uvchr_to_utf8(d, uv);

is the recommended wide native character-aware way of saying

    *(d++) = uv;

        U8*     uvchr_to_utf8(U8 *d, UV uv)

uvuni_to_utf8_flags

Adds the UTF-8 representation of the Unicode codepoint CWuv to the end of the string CWd; CWd should be have at least CWUTF8_MAXBYTES+1 free bytes available. The return value is the pointer to the byte after the end of the new character. In other words,

    d = uvuni_to_utf8_flags(d, uv, flags);

or, in most cases,

    d = uvuni_to_utf8(d, uv);

(which is equivalent to)

    d = uvuni_to_utf8_flags(d, uv, 0);

is the recommended Unicode-aware way of saying

    *(d++) = uv;

        U8*     uvuni_to_utf8_flags(U8 *d, UV uv, UV flags)

ax

Variable which is setup by CWxsubpp to indicate the stack base offset, used by the CWST, CWXSprePUSH and CWXSRETURN macros. The CWdMARK macro must be called prior to setup the CWMARK variable.

        I32     ax

CLASS

Variable which is setup by CWxsubpp to indicate the class name for a XS constructor. This is always a CWchar*. See CWTHIS.

        char*   CLASS

dAX

Sets up the CWax variable. This is usually handled automatically by CWxsubpp by calling CWdXSARGS.

                dAX;

dITEMS

Sets up the CWitems variable. This is usually handled automatically by CWxsubpp by calling CWdXSARGS.

                dITEMS;

dXSARGS

Sets up stack and mark pointers for an XSUB, calling dSP and dMARK. Sets up the CWax and CWitems variables by calling CWdAX and CWdITEMS. This is usually handled automatically by CWxsubpp.

                dXSARGS;

dXSI32

Sets up the CWix variable for an XSUB which has aliases. This is usually handled automatically by CWxsubpp.

                dXSI32;

items

Variable which is setup by CWxsubpp to indicate the number of items on the stack. See Variable-length Parameter Lists in perlxs.

        I32     items

ix

Variable which is setup by CWxsubpp to indicate which of an XSUB's aliases was used to invoke it. See The ALIAS: Keyword in perlxs.

        I32     ix

newXSproto

Used by CWxsubpp to hook up XSUBs as Perl subs. Adds Perl prototypes to the subs.

RETVAL

Variable which is setup by CWxsubpp to hold the return value for an XSUB. This is always the proper type for the XSUB. See The RETVAL Variable in perlxs.

        (whatever)      RETVAL

ST

Used to access elements on the XSUB's stack.

        SV*     ST(int ix)

THIS

Variable which is setup by CWxsubpp to designate the object in a XSUB. This is always the proper type for the object. See CWCLASS and Using XS With in perlxs.

        (whatever)      THIS

XS

Macro to declare an XSUB and its C parameter list. This is handled by CWxsubpp.

XS_VERSION

The version identifier for an XS module. This is usually handled automatically by CWExtUtils::MakeMaker. See CWXS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK.

XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK

Macro to verify that a PM module's CW$VERSION variable matches the XS module's CWXS_VERSION variable. This is usually handled automatically by CWxsubpp. See The VERSIONCHECK: Keyword in perlxs.

                XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK;

croak

This is the XSUB-writer's interface to Perl's CWdie function. Normally call this function the same way you call the C CWprintf function. Calling CWcroak returns control directly to Perl, sidestepping the normal C order of execution. See CWwarn. If you want to throw an exception object, assign the object to CW$@ and then pass CWNullch to croak():

   errsv = get_sv("@", TRUE);
   sv_setsv(errsv, exception_object);
   croak(N);

        void    croak(const char* pat, ...)

warn

This is the XSUB-writer's interface to Perl's CWwarn function. Call this function the same way you call the C CWprintf function. See CWcroak.

        void    warn(const char* pat, ...)

Until May 1997, this document was maintained by Jeff Okamoto <okamoto@corp.hp.com>. It is now maintained as part of Perl itself.

With lots of help and suggestions from Dean Roehrich, Malcolm Beattie, Andreas Koenig, Paul Hudson, Ilya Zakharevich, Paul Marquess, Neil Bowers, Matthew Green, Tim Bunce, Spider Boardman, Ulrich Pfeifer, Stephen McCamant, and Gurusamy Sarathy.

API Listing originally by Dean Roehrich <roehrich@cray.com>.

Updated to be autogenerated from comments in the source by Benjamin Stuhl.

perlguts(1), perlxs(1), perlxstut(1), perlintern(1)