man wiggle (Commandes) - apply rejected patches and perform word-wise diffs
NAME
wiggle - apply rejected patches and perform word-wise diffs
SYNOPSIS
wiggle [function] [options] file [files]
DESCRIPTION
The main function of wiggle is to apply a patch to a file in a similar manner to the patch(1) program.
The distinctive difference of wiggle is that it will attempt to apply a patch even if the "before" part of the patch doesn't match the target file perfectly. This is achieved by breaking the file and patch into words and finding the best alignment of words in the file with words in the patch. Once this alignment has been found, any differences (word-wise) in the patch are applied to the file as best as possible.
Also, wiggle will (in some cases) detect changes that have already been applied, and will ignore them.
wiggle ensures that every change in the patch is applied to the target file somehow. If a particular change cannot be made in the file, the file is annotated to show where the change should be made is a similar way to the merge(1) program. Each annotation contains 3 components: a portion of the original file where the change should be applied, a portion of the patch that couldn't be matched precisely in the file, and the text that should replace that portion of the patch. These are separated by lines containing precisely 7 identical characters, either '<', '|', '=', or '>', so
<<<<<<< Some portion of the original file ||||||| text to replace ======= text to replace it with >>>>>>>
indicates that "text to replace" should be replaced by "text to replace it with" somewhere in the portion of the original file. However wiggle was not able to find a place to make this change.
wiggle can also produce conflict reports showing only the words that are involved rather than showing whole lines. In this case the output looks like: <<<---original|||old===new--->>>
A typical usage of wiggle is to run patch to apply some patch, and to collect a list of rejects by monitoring the error messages from patch. Then for each file for which a reject was found, run wiggle --replace originalfile originalfile.rej
Finally each file must be examined to resolve any unresolved conflicts, and to make sure the applied patch is semantically correct.
OPTIONS
The following options are understood by wiggle. Some of these are explained in more detail in the following sections on MERGE, DIFF, and EXTRACT.
- -m, --merge
- Select the "merge" function. This is the default function.
- -d, --diff
- Select the "diff" function. This displays the differences between files.
- -x, --extract
- Select the "extract" function. This extracts one branch of a patch or merge file.
- -w, --words
- Request that all operations and display be word based. This is the default for the "diff" function.
- -l, --lines
- Request that all operations and display be line based.
- -p, --patch
- Treat the last named file as a patch instead of a file (with --diff) or a merge (--extract).
- -r, --replace
- Normally the merged output is written to standard-output. With --replace, the original file is replaced with the merge output.
- -R, --reverse
- When used with the "diff" function, swap the files before calculating the differences. When used with the "merge" function, wiggle attempts to revert changes rather than apply them.
- -h, --help
- Print a simple help message. If given after one of the function selectors (--merge, --diff, --extract) help specific to that function is displayed.
- -V, --version
- Display the version number of wiggle.
- -v, --verbose
- Enable verbose mode. Currently this makes no difference.
- -q, --quiet
- Enable quiet mode. This suppresses the message from the merge function when there are unresolvable conflicts.
WORDS
wiggle can divide a text into lines or words when performing it's tasks. A line is simply a string of characters terminated by a newline. A word is either a maximal contiguous string of alphanumerics (including underscore), a maximal contiguous string of space or tab characters, or any other single character.
MERGE
The merge function modifies a given text by finding all changes between two other texts and imposing those changes on the given text.
Normally wiggle considers words which have changed so as to maximise the possibility of finding a good match in the given text for the context of a given change. However it can consider only whole lines.
wiggle extracts the three texts that it needs from files listed on the command line. Either 1, 2, or 3 files may be listed, and any one of them may be a lone hyphen signifying standard-input.
If one file is given, it is treated as a merge file, i.e. the output of "merge -A" or "wiggle". Such a file implicitly contains three streams and these are extracted and compared.
If two files are given, then the first simply contains the primary text, and the second is treated as a patch file (the output of "diff -u" or "diff -c", or a ".rej" file from patch) and the two other texts are extracted from that.
Finally if three files are listed, they are taken to contain the given text and the two other texts, in order.
Normally the result of the merge is written to standard-output. However if the "-r" flag is given, the output is written to a file which replaces the original given file. In this case the original file is renamed to have a .porig suffix (for "patched original" which makes sense if you first use patch to apply a patch, and then use wiggle to wiggle the rejects in).
If no errors occur (such as file access errors) wiggle will exit with a status of 0 if all changes were successfully merged, and with an exit status of 1 and a brief message if any changes could not be fully merged and were instead inserted as annotations.
The merge function can operate in three different modes with respect to lines or words.
With the --lines option, whole lines are compared and any conflicts are reported as whole lines that need to be replaced.
With the --words option, individual words are compared and any conflicts are reported just covering the words affected. This used the CW <<<|||===>>> conflict format.
Without either of these options, a hybrid approach is taken. Individual words are compared and merged, but when a conflict is found the whole surrounding line is reported as being in conflict.
wiggle will ensure that every change between the two other texts is reflected in the result of the merge somehow. There are four different ways that a change can be reflected.
- 1
- If a change converts A to B and A is found at a suitable place in the original file, it is replaced with B. This includes the possibility that B is empty, but not that A is empty.
- 2
- If a change is found which simply adds B and the text immediately preceding and following the insertion are found adjacent in the original file in a suitable place, then B is inserted between those adjacent texts.
- 3
- If a change is found which changes A to B and this appears (based on context) to align with B in the original, then it is assumed that this change has already been applied, and the change is ignored. When this happens, a message reflected the number of ignored changes is printed by wiggle.
- 4
- If a change is found that does not fit any of the above possibilities, then a conflict is reported as described earlier.
DIFF
The diff function is provided primarily to allow inspection of the alignments that wiggle calculated between texts and that it uses for performing a merge.
The output of the diff function is similar to the unified output of diff. However while diff does not output long stretches of common text, wiggle's diff mode outputs everything.
When calculating a word-based alignment (the default), wiggle may need to show these word-based differences. This is done using an extension to the unified-diff format. If a line starts with a vertical bar, then it may contain sections surrounded by special multi-character brackets. The brackets "<<<++" and "++>>>" surround added text while "<<<--" and "-->>>" surround removed text.
wiggle can be given the two texts to compare in one of three ways.
If only one file is given, then it is treated as a patch and the two branches of that diff are compared. This effectively allows a patch to be refined from a line-based patch to a word-based patch.
If two files are given, then they are normally assumed to be simple texts to be compared.
If two files are given along with the --patch option, then the second file is assumed to be a patch and either the first (with -1) or the second (with -2) branch is extracted and compared with text found in the first file.
This last option causes wiggle to apply a "best-fit" algorithm for aligning patch hunks with the file before computing the differences. This algorithm is used when merging a patch with a file, and its value can be seen by comparing the difference produced this was with the difference produced by first extracting one branch of a patch into a file, and then computing the difference of that file with the main file.
EXTRACT
The extract function of wiggle simply exposes the internal functionality for extracting one branch of a patch or a merge file.
Precisely one file should be given, and it will be assumed to be a merge file unless --patch is given, in which case a patch is assumed.
The choice of branch in made by providing one of -1, -2, or -3 with obvious meanings.
WARNING
Caution should always be exercised when applying a rejected patch with wiggle. When patch rejects a patch, it does so for a good reason. Even though wiggle may be able to find a believable place to apply each textual change, there is no guarantee that the result is correct in any semantic sense. The result should always be inspected to make sure it is correct.
EXAMPLES
wiggle --replace file file.rej
This is the normal usage of
wiggle
and will take any changes in
file.rej
that
patch
could not apply, and merge them into
file.
wiggle -dp1 file file.rej
This will perform a word-wise comparison between the
file
and the
before
branch of the diff in
file.rej
and display the differences. This allows you to see where a given
patch would apply.
wiggle --merge --help
Get help about the merge function of
wiggle.
QUOTE
The name of wiggle was inspired by the following quote, even though wiggle does not (yet) have a graphical interface.
The problem I find is that I often want to take (file1+patch) -> file2, when I don't have file1. But merge tools want to take (file1|file2) -> file3. I haven't seen a graphical tool which helps you to wiggle a patch into a file.
-- Andrew Morton - 2002
SHORTCOMINGS
- -
- wiggle cannot read the extended unified-diff output that it produces for --diff --words.
- -
- wiggle cannot read the word-based merge format that it produces for --merge --words.
AUTHOR
Neil Brown at Computer Science and Engineering at The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia