File::Spec - portably perform operations on file names

        use File::Spec;

        $x=File::Spec->catfile('a', 'b', 'c');

which returns 'a/b/c' under Unix. Or:

        use File::Spec::Functions;

        $x = catfile('a', 'b', 'c');

This module is designed to support operations commonly performed on file specifications (usually called file names, but not to be confused with the contents of a file, or Perl's file handles), such as concatenating several directory and file names into a single path, or determining whether a path is rooted. It is based on code directly taken from MakeMaker 5.17, code written by Andreas Ko:nig, Andy Dougherty, Charles Bailey, Ilya Zakharevich, Paul Schinder, and others.

Since these functions are different for most operating systems, each set of OS specific routines is available in a separate module, including:

        File::Spec::Unix
        File::Spec::Mac
        File::Spec::OS2
        File::Spec::Win32
        File::Spec::VMS

The module appropriate for the current OS is automatically loaded by File::Spec. Since some modules (like VMS) make use of facilities available only under that OS, it may not be possible to load all modules under all operating systems.

Since File::Spec is object oriented, subroutines should not be called directly, as in:

        File::Spec::catfile('a','b');

but rather as class methods:

        File::Spec->catfile('a','b');

For simple uses, File::Spec::Functions provides convenient functional forms of these methods.

canonpath

No physical check on the filesystem, but a logical cleanup of a path.

    $cpath = File::Spec->canonpath( $path ) ;

catdir

Concatenate two or more directory names to form a complete path ending with a directory. But remove the trailing slash from the resulting string, because it doesn't look good, isn't necessary and confuses OS/2. Of course, if this is the root directory, don't cut off the trailing slash :-)

    $path = File::Spec->catdir( @directories );

catfile

Concatenate one or more directory names and a filename to form a complete path ending with a filename

    $path = File::Spec->catfile( @directories, $filename );

curdir

Returns a string representation of the current directory.

    $curdir = File::Spec->curdir();

devnull

Returns a string representation of the null device.

    $devnull = File::Spec->devnull();

rootdir

Returns a string representation of the root directory.

    $rootdir = File::Spec->rootdir();

tmpdir

Returns a string representation of the first writable directory from a list of possible temporary directories. Returns the current directory if no writable temporary directories are found. The list of directories checked depends on the platform; e.g. File::Spec::Unix checks CW$ENV{TMPDIR} (unless taint is on) and /tmp.

    $tmpdir = File::Spec->tmpdir();

updir

Returns a string representation of the parent directory.

    $updir = File::Spec->updir();

no_upwards

Given a list of file names, strip out those that refer to a parent directory. (Does not strip symlinks, only '.', '..', and equivalents.)

    @paths = File::Spec->no_upwards( @paths );

case_tolerant

Returns a true or false value indicating, respectively, that alphabetic case is not or is significant when comparing file specifications.

    $is_case_tolerant = File::Spec->case_tolerant();

file_name_is_absolute

Takes as its argument a path, and returns true if it is an absolute path.

    $is_absolute = File::Spec->file_name_is_absolute( $path );

This does not consult the local filesystem on Unix, Win32, OS/2, or Mac OS (Classic). It does consult the working environment for VMS (see file_name_is_absolute in File::Spec::VMS).

path

Takes no argument. Returns the environment variable CWPATH (or the local platform's equivalent) as a list.

    @PATH = File::Spec->path();

join

join is the same as catfile.

splitpath

Splits a path in to volume, directory, and filename portions. On systems with no concept of volume, returns '' for volume.

    ($volume,$directories,$file) = File::Spec->splitpath( $path );
    ($volume,$directories,$file) = File::Spec->splitpath( $path, $no_file );

For systems with no syntax differentiating filenames from directories, assumes that the last file is a path unless CW$no_file is true or a trailing separator or /. or /.. is present. On Unix, this means that CW$no_file true makes this return ( '', CW$path, '' ). The directory portion may or may not be returned with a trailing '/'. The results can be passed to catpath() to get back a path equivalent to (usually identical to) the original path.

splitdir

The opposite of catdir().

    @dirs = File::Spec->splitdir( $directories );

CW$directories must be only the directory portion of the path on systems that have the concept of a volume or that have path syntax that differentiates files from directories. Unlike just splitting the directories on the separator, empty directory names (CW'') can be returned, because these are significant on some OSes.

catpath()

Takes volume, directory and file portions and returns an entire path. Under Unix, CW$volume is ignored, and directory and file are concatenated. A '/' is inserted if need be. On other OSes, CW$volume is significant.

    $full_path = File::Spec->catpath( $volume, $directory, $file );

abs2rel

Takes a destination path and an optional base path returns a relative path from the base path to the destination path:

    $rel_path = File::Spec->abs2rel( $path ) ;
    $rel_path = File::Spec->abs2rel( $path, $base ) ;

If CW$base is not present or '', then cwd() is used. If CW$base is relative, then it is converted to absolute form using rel2abs(). This means that it is taken to be relative to cwd(). On systems with the concept of volume, if CW$path and CW$base appear to be on two different volumes, we will not attempt to resolve the two paths, and we will instead simply return CW$path. Note that previous versions of this module ignored the volume of CW$base, which resulted in garbage results part of the time. On systems that have a grammar that indicates filenames, this ignores the CW$base filename as well. Otherwise all path components are assumed to be directories. If CW$path is relative, it is converted to absolute form using rel2abs(). This means that it is taken to be relative to cwd(). No checks against the filesystem are made. On VMS, there is interaction with the working environment, as logicals and macros are expanded. Based on code written by Shigio Yamaguchi.

rel2abs()

Converts a relative path to an absolute path.

    $abs_path = File::Spec->rel2abs( $path ) ;
    $abs_path = File::Spec->rel2abs( $path, $base ) ;

If CW$base is not present or '', then cwd() is used. If CW$base is relative, then it is converted to absolute form using rel2abs(). This means that it is taken to be relative to cwd(). On systems with the concept of volume, if CW$path and CW$base appear to be on two different volumes, we will not attempt to resolve the two paths, and we will instead simply return CW$path. Note that previous versions of this module ignored the volume of CW$base, which resulted in garbage results part of the time. On systems that have a grammar that indicates filenames, this ignores the CW$base filename as well. Otherwise all path components are assumed to be directories. If CW$path is absolute, it is cleaned up and returned using canonpath(). No checks against the filesystem are made. On VMS, there is interaction with the working environment, as logicals and macros are expanded. Based on code written by Shigio Yamaguchi.

For further information, please see File::Spec::Unix, File::Spec::Mac, File::Spec::OS2, File::Spec::Win32, or File::Spec::VMS.

File::Spec::Unix, File::Spec::Mac, File::Spec::OS2, File::Spec::Win32, File::Spec::VMS, File::Spec::Functions, ExtUtils::MakeMaker

Currently maintained by Ken Williams CW<KWILLIAMS@cpan.org>.

The vast majority of the code was written by Kenneth Albanowski CW<kjahds@kjahds.com>, Andy Dougherty CW<doughera@lafayette.edu>, Andreas Ko:nig CW<A.Koenig@franz.ww.TU-Berlin.DE>, Tim Bunce CW<Tim.Bunce@ig.co.uk>. VMS support by Charles Bailey CW<bailey@newman.upenn.edu>. OS/2 support by Ilya Zakharevich CW<ilya@math.ohio-state.edu>. Mac support by Paul Schinder CW<schinder@pobox.com>, and Thomas Wegner CW<wegner_thomas@yahoo.com>. abs2rel() and rel2abs() written by Shigio Yamaguchi CW<shigio@tamacom.com>, modified by Barrie Slaymaker CW<barries@slaysys.com>. splitpath(), splitdir(), catpath() and catdir() by Barrie Slaymaker.

Copyright (c) 2004 by the Perl 5 Porters. All rights reserved.

This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.