bt_postprocess - post-processing of BibTeX strings, values, and entries

   void bt_postprocess_string (char * s,
                               ushort options)

   char * bt_postprocess_value (AST *   value,
                                ushort  options, 
                                boolean replace);

   char * bt_postprocess_field (AST *   field, 
                                ushort  options, 
                                boolean replace);

   void bt_postprocess_entry (AST *  entry,
                              ushort options);

When btparse parses a BibTeX entry, it initially stores the results in an abstract syntax tree (AST), in a form exactly mirroring the parsed data. For example, the entry

   @Article{Jones:1997a,
     AuThOr = "Bob   Jones" # and # "Jim Smith ",
     TITLE = "Feeding Habits of
              the Common Cockroach",
     JoUrNaL = j_ent,
     YEAR = 1997
   }

would parse to an AST that could be represented as follows:

   (entry,"Article")
     (key,"Jones:1997a")
     (field,"AuThOr")
       (string,"Bob   Jones")
       (macro,"and")
       (string,"Jim Smith ")
     (field,"TITLE")
       (string,"Feeding Habits of               the Common Cockroach")
     (field,"JoUrNaL")
       (macro,"j_ent")
     (field,"YEAR")
       (number,"1997")

The advantage of this form is that all the important information in the entry is readily available by traversing the tree using the functions described in bt_traversal. This obvious problem is that the data is a little too raw to be immediately useful: entry types and field names are inconsistently capitalized, strings are full of unwanted whitespace, field values not reduced to single strings, and so forth.

All of these problems are addressed by btparse's post-processing functions, described here. Normally, you won't have to call these functions---the library does the Right Thing for you after parsing each entry, and you can customize what exactly the Right Thing is for your application. (For instance, you can tell it to expand macros, but not to concatenate substrings together.) However, it's conceivable that you might wish to move the post-processing into your own code and out of the library's control. More likely, you could have strings that come from something other than BibTeX files that you would like to have treated as BibTeX strings; for that situation, the post-processing functions are essential. Finally, you might just be curious about what exactly happens to your data after it's parsed. If so, you've come to the right place for excruciatingly detailed explanations.

btparse offers four points of entry to its post-processing code. Of these, probably only the first and last---for processing individual strings and whole entries---will be commonly used.

To understand why four entry points are offered, an explanation of the sample AST shown above will help. First of all, the whole entry is represented by the CW(entry,"Article") node; this node has the entry key and all its field/value pairs as children. Entry nodes are returned by CWbt_parse_entry() and CWbt_parse_entry_s() (see bt_input) as well as CWbt_next_entry() (which traverses a list of entries returned from CWbt_parse_file()---see bt_traversal). Whole entries may be post-processed with CWbt_postprocess_entry().

You may also need to post-process a single field, or just the value associated with it. (The difference is that processing the field can change the field name---e.g. to lowercase---in addition to the field value.) The CW(field,"AuThOr") node above is an example of a field sub-AST, and CW(string,"Bob Jones") is the first node in the list of simple values representing that field's value. (Recall that a field value is, in general, a list of simple values.) Field nodes are returned by CWbt_next_field(), value nodes by CWbt_next_value(). The former may be passed to CWbt_postprocess_field() for post-processing, the latter to CWbt_postprocess_value().

Finally, individual strings may wander into your program from many places other than a btparse AST. For that reason, CWbt_postprocess_string() is available for post-processing arbitrary strings.

All of the post-processing routines have an CWoptions parameter, which you can use to fine-tune the post-processing. (This is just like the per-metatype string-processing options that you can set before parsing entries; see CWbt_set_stringopts() in bt_input.) Like elsewhere in the library, CWoptions is a bitmap constructed by or'ing together various predefined constants. These constants and their effects are documented in String processing option macros in btparse.

bt_postprocess_string ()

   void bt_postprocess_string (char * s,
                               ushort options)

Post-processes an individual string, CWs, which is modified in place. The only post-processing option that makes sense on individual strings is whether to collapse whitespace according to the BibTeX rules; thus, if CWoptions & BTO_COLLAPSE is false, this function has no effect. (Although it makes a complete pass over the string anyways. This is for future expansion.) The exact rules for collapsing whitespace are simple: non-space whitespace characters (tabs and newlines mainly) are converted to space, any strings of more than one space within are collapsed to a single space, and any leading or trailing spaces are deleted. (Ensuring that all whitespace is spaces is actually done by btparse's lexical scanner, so strings in btparse ASTs will never have whitespace apart from space. Likewise, any strings passed to bt_postprocess_string() should not contain non-space whitespace characters.)

bt_postprocess_value ()

   char * bt_postprocess_value (AST *   value,
                                ushort  options, 
                                boolean replace);

Post-processes a single field value, which is the head of a list of simple values as returned by CWbt_next_value(). All of the relevant string-processing options come into play here: conversion of numbers to strings (CWBTO_CONVERT), macro expansion (CWBTO_EXPAND), collapsing of whitespace (CWBTO_COLLAPSE), and string pasting (CWBTO_PASTE). Since pasting substrings together without first expanding macros and converting numbers would be nonsensical, attempting to do so is a fatal error. If CWreplace is true, then the list headed by CWvalue will be replaced by a list representing the processed value. That is, if string pasting is turned on (CWoptions & BTO_PASTE is true), then this list will be collapsed to a single node containing the single string that results from pasting together all the substrings. If string pasting is not on, then each node in the list will be left intact, but will have its text replaced by processed text. If CWreplace is false, then a new string will be built on the fly and returned by the function. Note that if pasting is not on in this case, you will only get the last string in the list. (It doesn't really make a lot of sense to post-process a value without pasting unless you're replacing it with the new value, though.) Returns the string that resulted from processing the whole value, which only makes sense if pasting was on or there was only one value in the list. If a multiple-value list was processed without pasting, the last string in the list is returned (after processing). Consider what might be done to the value of the CWauthor field in the above example, which is the concatenation of a string, a macro, and another string. Assume that the macro CWand expands to CW" and ", and that the variable CWvalue points to the sub-AST for this value. The original sub-AST corresponding to this value is

   (string,"Bob   Jones")
   (macro,"and")
   (string,"Jim Smith ")

To fully process this value in-place, you would call

   bt_postprocess_value (value, BTO_FULL, TRUE);

This would convert the value to a single-element list,

   (string,"Bob Jones and Jim Smith")

and return the fully-processed string CW"Bob Jones and Jim Smith". Note that the CWand macro has been expanded, interpolated between the two literal strings, everything pasted together, and finally whitespace collapsed. (Collapsing whitespace before concatenating the strings would be a bad idea.) (Incidentally, CWBTO_FULL is just a macro for the combination of all possible string-processing options, currently:

   BTO_CONVERT | BTO_EXPAND | BTO_PASTE | BTO_COLLAPSE

There are two other similar shortcut macros: CWBTO_MACRO to express the special string-processing done on macro values, which is the same as CWBTO_FULL except for the absence of CWBTO_COLLAPSE; and CWBTO_MINIMAL, which means no string-processing is to be done.) Let's say you'd rather preserve the list nature of the value, while expanding macros and converting any numbers to strings. (This conversion is trivial: it just changes the type of the node from CWBTAST_NUMBER to CWBTAST_STRING. Number values are always stored as a string of digits, just as they appear in the file.) This would be done with the call

   bt_postprocess_value
      (value, BTO_CONVERT|BTO_EXPAND|BTO_COLLAPSE,TRUE);

which would change the list to

   (string,"Bob Jones")
   (string,"and")
   (string,"Jim Smith")

Note that whitespace is collapsed here before any concatenation can be done; this is probably a bad idea. But you can do it if you wish. (If you get any ideas about cooking up your own value post-processing scheme by doing it in little steps like this, take a look at the source to CWbt_postprocess_value(); it should dissuade you from such a venture.)

bt_postprocess_field ()

   char * bt_postprocess_field (AST *   field, 
                                ushort  options, 
                                boolean replace);

This is little more than a front-end to CWbt_postprocess_value(); the only difference is that you pass it a field AST node (eg. the CW(field,"AuThOr") in the above example), and that it transforms the field name in addition to its value. In particular, the field name is forced to lowercase; this behaviour is (currently) not optional. Returns the string returned by CWbt_postprocess_value().

bt_postprocess_entry ()

   void bt_postprocess_entry (AST *  entry,
                              ushort options);

Post-processes all values in an entry. If CWentry points to the AST for a regular or macro definition entry, then the values are just what you'd expect: everything on the right-hand side of a field or macro assignment. You can also post-process comment and preamble entries, though. Comment entries are essentially one big string, so only whitespace collapsing makes sense on them. Preambles may have multiple strings pasted together, so all the string-processing options apply to them. (And there's nothing to prevent you from using macros in a preamble.)

btparse, bt_input, bt_traversal

Greg Ward <gward@python.net>