CGEBAL - balance a general complex matrix A

SUBROUTINE CGEBAL(

JOB, N, A, LDA, ILO, IHI, SCALE, INFO )

CHARACTER JOB

INTEGER IHI, ILO, INFO, LDA, N

REAL SCALE( * )

COMPLEX A( LDA, * )

CGEBAL balances a general complex matrix A. This involves, first, permuting A by a similarity transformation to isolate eigenvalues in the first 1 to ILO-1 and last IHI+1 to N elements on the diagonal; and second, applying a diagonal similarity transformation to rows and columns ILO to IHI to make the rows and columns as close in norm as possible. Both steps are optional.

Balancing may reduce the 1-norm of the matrix, and improve the accuracy of the computed eigenvalues and/or eigenvectors.

JOB (input) CHARACTER*1

Specifies the operations to be performed on A:

= 'N': none: simply set ILO = 1, IHI = N, SCALE(I) = 1.0 for i = 1,...,N; = 'P': permute only;

= 'S': scale only;

= 'B': both permute and scale.

N (input) INTEGER

The order of the matrix A. N >= 0.

A (input/output) COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA,N)

On entry, the input matrix A. On exit, A is overwritten by the balanced matrix. If JOB = 'N', A is not referenced. See Further Details. LDA (input) INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,N).

ILO (output) INTEGER

IHI (output) INTEGER ILO and IHI are set to integers such that on exit A(i,j) = 0 if i > j and j = 1,...,ILO-1 or I = IHI+1,...,N. If JOB = 'N' or 'S', ILO = 1 and IHI = N.

SCALE (output) REAL array, dimension (N)

Details of the permutations and scaling factors applied to A. If P(j) is the index of the row and column interchanged with row and column j and D(j) is the scaling factor applied to row and column j, then SCALE(j) = P(j) for j = 1,...,ILO-1 = D(j) for j = ILO,...,IHI = P(j) for j = IHI+1,...,N. The order in which the interchanges are made is N to IHI+1, then 1 to ILO-1.

INFO (output) INTEGER

= 0: successful exit.

< 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value.

The permutations consist of row and column interchanges which put the matrix in the form

( T1 X Y )

P A P = ( 0 B Z )

( 0 0 T2 )

where T1 and T2 are upper triangular matrices whose eigenvalues lie along the diagonal. The column indices ILO and IHI mark the starting and ending columns of the submatrix B. Balancing consists of applying a diagonal similarity transformation inv(D) * B * D to make the 1-norms of each row of B and its corresponding column nearly equal. The output matrix is

( T1 X*D Y )

( 0 inv(D)*B*D inv(D)*Z ).

( 0 0 T2 )

Information about the permutations P and the diagonal matrix D is returned in the vector SCALE.

This subroutine is based on the EISPACK routine CBAL.

Modified by Tzu-Yi Chen, Computer Science Division, University of California at Berkeley, USA