cover - A Coverage Analysis Tool for Erlang

The module cover provides a set of functions for coverage analysis of Erlang programs, counting how many times each executable line of code is executed when a program is run.

An executable line contains an Erlang expression such as a matching or a function call. A blank line or a line containing a comment, function head or pattern in a case- or receive statement is not executable.

Coverage analysis can be used to verify test cases, making sure all relevant code is covered, and may also be helpful when looking for bottlenecks in the code.

Before any analysis can take place, the involved modules must be Cover compiled. This means that some extra information is added to the module before it is compiled into a binary which then is loaded. The source file of the module is not affected and no .beam file is created.

Each time a function in a Cover compiled module is called, information about the call is added to an internal database of Cover. The coverage analysis is performed by examining the contents of the Cover database. The output Answer is determined by two parameters, Level and Analysis.

*

Level = module

Answer = {Module, Value}, where Module is the module name.

*

Level = function

Answer = [{Function, Value}], one tuple for each function in the module. A function is specified by its module name M, function name F and arity A as a tuple {M, F, A}.

*

Level = clause

Answer = [{Clause, Value}], one tuple for each clause in the module. A clause is specified by its module name M, function name F, arity A and position in the function definition C as a tuple {M, F, A, C}.

*

Level = line

Answer = [{Line, Value}], one tuple for each executable line in the module. A line is specified by its module name M and line number in the source file N as a tuple {M, N}.

*

Analysis = coverage

Value = {Cov, NotCov} where Cov is the number of executable lines in the module, function, clause or line that have been executed at least once and NotCov is the number of executable lines that have not been executed.

*

Analysis = calls

Value = Calls which is the number of times the module, function, or clause has been called. In the case of line level analysis, Calls is the number of times the line has been executed.

Distribution

Cover can be used in a distributed Erlang system. One of the nodes in the system must then be selected as the main node, and all Cover commands must be executed from this node. The error reason not_main_node is returned if an interface function is called on one of the remote nodes.

Use cover:start/1 and cover:stop/1 to add or remove nodes. The same Cover compiled code will be loaded on each node, and analysis will collect and sum up coverage data results from all nodes.

start() -> {ok,Pid} | {error,Reason}

Types

Pid = pid()

Reason = {already_started, Pid}

Starts the Cover server which owns the Cover internal database. This function is called automatically by the other functions in the module.

start(N) -> {ok,StartedNodes} | {error,not_main_node}

Types

Nodes = StartedNodes = [atom()]

Starts a Cover server on the each of given nodes, and loads all cover compiled modules.

compile(ModFile) -> Result

compile(ModFile, Options) -> Result

compile_module(ModFile) -> Result

compile_module(ModFile, Options) -> Result

Types

ModFile = Module | File

 Module = atom()

 File = string()

Options = [Option]

 Option = {i, Dir} | {d, Macro} | {d, Macro, Value}

See compile:file/2.

Result = {ok, Module} | {error, File} | {error, not_main_node}

Compiles a module for Cover analysis. The module is given by its module name Module or by its file name File. The .erl extension may be omitted. If the module is located in another directory, the path has to be specified.

Options is a list of compiler options which defaults to []. Only options defining include file directories and macros are passed to compile:file/2, everything else is ignored.

If the module is successfully Cover compiled, the function returns {ok, Module}. Otherwise the function returns {error, File}. Errors and warnings are printed as they occur.

Note that the internal database is (re-)initiated during the compilation, meaning any previously collected coverage data for the module will be lost.

compile_directory() -> [Result] | {error,Reason}

compile_directory(Dir) -> [Result] | {error,Reason}

compile_directory(Dir, Options) -> [Result] | {error,Reason}

Types

Dir = string()

Options = [Option]

See compile_module/1, 2

Result = {ok, Module} | {error, File} | {error, not_main_node}

See compile_module/1, 2

Reason = eacces | enoent

Compiles all modules (.erl files) in a directory Dir for Cover analysis the same way as compile_module/1, 2 and returns a list with the return values.

Dir defaults to the current working directory.

The function returns {error, eacces} if the directory is not readable or {error, enoent} if the directory does not exist.

compile_beam(ModFile) -> Result

Types

ModFile = Module | BeamFile

 Module = atom()

 BeamFile = string()

Result = {ok, Module} | {error, BeamFile} | {error, Reason}

 Reason = non_existing | {no_abstract_code, BeamFile} | {encrypted_abstract_code, BeamFile} | {already_cover_compiled, no_beam_found, Module} | not_main_node

Does the same as compile/1, 2, but uses an existing .beam file as base, i.e. the module is not compiled from source. Thus compile_beam/1 is faster than compile/1, 2.

Note that the existing .beam file must contain abstract code, i.e. it must have been compiled with the debug_info option. If not, the error reason {no_abstract_code, BeamFile} is returned. If the abstract code is encrypted, and no key is available for decrypting it, the error reason {encrypted_abstract_code, BeamFile} is returned. <p>If only the module name (i.e. not the full name of the <c>.beam file) is given to this function, the .beam file is found by calling code:which(Module). If no .beam file is found, the error reason non_existing is returned. If the module is already cover compiled with compile_beam/1, the .beam file will be picked from the same location as the first time it was compiled. If the module is already cover compiled with compile/1, 2, there is no way to find the correct .beam file, so the error reason {already_cover_compiled, no_beam_found, Module} is returned.

{error, BeamFile} is returned if the compiled code can not be loaded on the node.

compile_beam_directory() -> [Result] | {error,Reason}

compile_beam_directory(Dir) -> [Result] | {error,Reason}

Types

Dir = string()

Result = See compile_beam/1

Reason = eacces | enoent

Compiles all modules (.beam files) in a directory Dir for Cover analysis the same way as compile_beam/1 and returns a list with the return values.

Dir defaults to the current working directory.

The function returns {error, eacces} if the directory is not readable or {error, enoent} if the directory does not exist.

analyse(Module) -> {ok,Answer} | {error,Error}

analyse(Module, Analysis) -> {ok,Answer} | {error,Error}

analyse(Module, Level) -> {ok,Answer} | {error,Error}

analyse(Module, Analysis, Level) -> {ok,Answer} | {error,Error}

Types

Module = atom()

Analysis = coverage | calls

Level = line | clause | function | module

Answer = {Module, Value} | [{Item, Value}]

 Item = Line | Clause | Function

  Line = {M, N}

  Clause = {M, F, A, C}

  Function = {M, F, A}

   M = F = atom()

   N = A = C = integer()

 Value = {Cov, NotCov} | Calls

  Cov = NotCov = Calls = integer()

Error = {not_cover_compiled, Module} | not_main_node

Performs analysis of a Cover compiled module Module, as specified by Analysis and Level (see above), by examining the contents of the internal database.

Analysis defaults to coverage and Level defaults to function.

If Module is not Cover compiled, the function returns {error, {not_cover_compiled, Module}}.

analyse_to_file(Module) ->

analyse_to_file(Module,Options) ->

analyse_to_file(Module, OutFile) ->

analyse_to_file(Module, OutFile, Options) -> {ok,OutFile} | {error,Error}

Types

Module = atom()

OutFile = string()

Options = [Option]

Option = html

Error = {not_cover_compiled, Module} | {file, File, Reason} | no_source_code_found | not_main_node

 File = string()

 Reason = term()

Makes a copy OutFile of the source file for a module Module, where it for each executable line is specified how many times it has been executed.

The output file OutFile defaults to Module.COVER.out, or Module.COVER.html if the option html was used.

If Module is not Cover compiled, the function returns {error, {not_cover_compiled, Module}}.

If the source file and/or the output file cannot be opened using file:open/2, the function returns {error, {file, File, Reason}} where File is the file name and Reason is the error reason.

If the module was cover compiled from the .beam file, i.e. using compile_beam/1 or compile_beam_directory/0, 1, it is assumed that the source code can be found in the same directory as the .beam file, or in ../src relative to that directory. If no source code is found, , {error, no_source_code_found} is returned.

modules() -> [Module] | {error,not_main_node}

Types

Module = atom()

Returns a list with all modules that are currently Cover compiled.

imported_modules() -> [Module] | {error,not_main_node}

Types

Module = atom()

Returns a list with all modules for which there are imported data.

imported() -> [File] | {error,not_main_node}

Types

File = string()

Returns a list with all imported files.

which_nodes() -> [Node] | {error,not_main_node}

Types

Node = atom()

Returns a list with all nodes that are part of the coverage analysis. Note that the current node is not returned. This node is always part of the analysis.

is_compiled(Module) -> {file,File} | false | {error,not_main_node}

Types

Module = atom()

Beam = string()

Returns {file, File} if the module Module is Cover compiled, or false otherwise. File is the .erl file used by cover:compile_module/1, 2 or the .beam file used by compile_beam/1.

reset(Module) ->

reset() -> ok | {error,not_main_node}

Types

Module = atom()

Resets all coverage data for a Cover compiled module Module in the Cover database on all nodes. If the argument is omitted, the coverage data will be reset for all modules known by Cover.

If Module is not Cover compiled, the function returns {error, {not_cover_compiled, Module}}.

export(ExportFile)

export(ExportFile,Module) -> ok | {error,Reason}

Types

ExportFile = string()

Module = atom()

Reason = {not_cover_compiled, Module} | {cant_open_file, ExportFile, Reason} | not_main_node

Exports the current coverage data for Module to the file ExportFile. It is recommended to name the ExportFile with the extension .coverdata, since other filenames can not be read by the web based interface to cover.

If Module is not given, data for all Cover compiled or earlier imported modules is exported.

This function is useful if coverage data from different systems is to be merged.

See also cover:import/1

import(ExportFile) -> ok | {error,Reason}

Types

ExportFile = string()

Reason = {cant_open_file, ExportFile, Reason} | not_main_node

Imports coverage data from the file ExportFile created with cover:export/1, 2. Any analysis performed after this will include the imported data.

Note that when compiling a module all existing coverage data is removed, including imported data. If a module is already compiled when data is imported, the imported data is added to the existing coverage data.

Coverage data from several export files can be imported into one system. The coverage data is then added up when analysing.

Coverage data for a module can not be imported from the same file twice unless the module is first reset or compiled. The check is based on the filename, so you can easily fool the system by renaming your export file.

See also cover:export/1, 2

stop() -> ok | {error,not_main_node}

Stops the Cover server and unloads all Cover compiled code.

stop(N) -> ok | {error,not_main_node}

Types

Nodes = [atom()]

Stops the Cover server and unloads all Cover compiled code on the given nodes. Data stored in the Cover database on the remote nodes is fetched and stored on the main node.

code(3), compile(3)

Gunilla Hugosson - support@erlang.ericsson.se