Alzabo::Runtime::Schema - Schema objects

  use Alzabo::Runtime::Schema qw(some_schema);

  my $schema = Alzabo::Runtime::Schema->load_from_file( name => 'foo' );
  $schema->set_user( $username );
  $schema->set_password( $password );

  $schema->connect;

Objects in this class represent schemas, and can be used to retrieve data from that schema.

This object can only be loaded from a file. The file is created whenever a corresponding CWAlzabo::Create::Schema object is saved.

CWAlzabo::Schema

Note: all relevant documentation from the superclass has been merged into this document.

Loads a schema from a file. This is the only constructor for this class. It returns an CWAlzabo::Runtime::Schema object. Loaded objects are cached in memory, so future calls to this method may return the same object.

Throws: CWAlzabo::Exception::Params, CWAlzabo::Exception::System

Sets the username to use when connecting to the database.

Return the username used by the schema when connecting to the database.

Set the password to use when connecting to the database.

Returns the password used by the schema when connecting to the database.

Set the host to use when connecting to the database.

Returns the host used by the schema when connecting to the database.

Set the port to use when connecting to the database.

Returns the port used by the schema when connecting to the database.

Turns referential integrity checking on or off. If it is on, then when CWAlzabo::Runtime::Row objects are deleted, updated, or inserted, they will report this activity to any relevant CWAlzabo::Runtime::ForeignKey objects for the row, so that the foreign key objects can take appropriate action.

This defaults to false. If your RDBMS supports foreign key constraints, these should be used instead of Alzabo's built-in referential integrity checking, as they will be much faster.

Returns a boolean value indicating whether this schema will attempt to maintain referential integrity.

If this is true, then all SQL constructed for this schema will have quoted identifiers (like `Table`.`column` in MySQL).

This defaults to false. Turning this on adds some overhead to all SQL generation.

Calls the CWAlzabo::Driver->connect method for the driver owned by the schema. The username, password, host, and port set for the schema will be passed to the driver, as will any additional parameters given to this method. See the CWAlzabo::Driver->connect() method for more details.

Calls the CWAlzabo::Driver->disconnect() method for the driver owned by the schema.

Joins are done by taking the tables provided in order, and finding a relation between them. If any given table pair has more than one relation, then this method will fail. The relations, along with the values given in the optional where clause will then be used to generate the necessary SQL. See CWAlzabo::Runtime::JoinCursor for more information.

This method takes the following parameters:

* join => <see below>

This parameter can either be a simple array reference of tables or an array reference of array references. In the latter case, each array reference should contain two tables. These array references can also include an optional modifier specifying a type of join for the two tables, like 'left_outer_join', an optional foreign key object which will be used to join the two tables, and an optional where clause used to restrict the join. If a simple array reference is given, then the order of these tables is significant when there are more than 2 tables. Alzabo expects to find relationships between tables 1 & 2, 2 & 3, 3 & 4, etc. For example, given:

  join => [ $table_A, $table_B, $table_C ]

Alzabo would expect that table A has a relationship to table B, which in turn has a relationship to table C. If you simply provide a simple array reference, you cannot include any outer joins, and every element of the array reference must be a table object. If you need to specify a more complicated set of relationships, this can be done with a slightly more complicated data structure, which looks like this:

  join => [ [ $table_A, $table_B ],
            [ $table_A, $table_C ],
            [ $table_C, $table_D ],
            [ $table_C, $table_E ] ]

This is fairly self explanatory. Alzabo will expect to find a relationship between each pair of tables. This allows for the construction of arbitrarily complex join clauses. For even more complex needs, there are more options:

  join => [ [ left_outer_join => $table_A, $table_B ],
            [ $table_A, $table_C, $foreign_key ],
            [ right_outer_join => $table_C, $table_D, $foreign_key ] ]

In this example, we are specifying two types of outer joins, and in two of the three cases, specifying which foreign key should be used to join the two tables. It should be noted that if you want to join two tables that have more than one foreign key between them, you must provide a foreign key object when using them as part of your query. The way an outer join is interpreted is that this:

  [ left_outer_join => $table_A, $table_B ]

is interepreted to mean

  SELECT ... FROM table_A LEFT OUTER JOIN table_B ON ...

Table order is relevant for right and left outer joins, obviously. However, for regular (inner) joins, table order is not important. It is also possible to apply restrictions to an outer join, for example:

  join => [ [ left_outer_join => $table_A, $table_B,
              # outer join restriction
              [ [ $table_B->column('size') > 2 ],
                'and',
                [ $table_B->column('name'), '!=', 'Foo' ] ],
            ] ]

This corresponds to this SQL;

  SELECT ... FROM table_A
  LEFT OUTER JOIN table_B ON ...
              AND (table_B.size > 2 AND table_B.name != 'Foo')

These restrictions are only allowed when performing an outer join, since there is no point in using them for regular inner joins. An inner join restriction has the same effect when included in the WHERE clause. If the more multiple array reference of specifying tables is used and no select parameter is provided, then the order of the rows returned from calling CWAlzabo::Runtime::JoinCursor->next() is not guaranteed. In other words, the array that the cursor returns will contain a row from each table involved in the join, but the which row belongs to which table cannot be determined except by examining the objects. The order will be the same every time CWAlzabo::Runtime::JoinCursor->next() is called, however. It may be easier to use the CWAlzabo::Runtime::JoinCursor->next_as_hash() method in this case. This parameter specifies from which tables you would like rows returned. If this parameter is not given, then the distinct or join parameter will be used instead, with the distinct parameter taking precedence. This can be either a single table or an array reference of table objects. If this parameter is given, it indicates that results from the join should never contain repeated rows. This can be used in place of the select parameter to indicate from which tables you want rows returned. The select parameter, if given, supercedes this parameter.

* where (optional)

See the documentation on where clauses for the Alzabo::Runtime::Table class.

* order_by (optional)

See the documentation on order by clauses for the Alzabo::Runtime::Table class.

* limit (optional)

See the documentation on limit clauses for the Alzabo::Runtime::Table class.

If the select parameter specified that more than one table is desired, then this method will return n JoinCursor object representing the results of the join. Otherwise, the method returns a RowCursor object.

Throws: CWAlzabo::Exception::Logic, CWAlzabo::Exception::Params

This method takes the exact same parameters as the CWjoin() method but instead of returning a cursor, it returns a single array of row objects. These will be the rows representing the first row (a set of one or more table's primary keys) that is returned by the database.

Throws: CWAlzabo::Exception::Logic, CWAlzabo::Exception::Params

These two methods differ only in their return values.

They both take the following parameters: If you pass an array reference for this parameter, it may contain scalars, SQL functions, or column objects. For example:

  $schema->function( select =>
                     [ 1,
                       $foo->column('name'),
                       LENGTH( $foo->column('name') ) ],
                     join => [ $foo, $bar_table ],
                   );

  SELECT 1, foo.name, LENGTH( foo.name )
    FROM foo, bar
   WHERE ...

* join

See the documentation on the join parameter for the join method.

* where

See the documentation on where clauses for the Alzabo::Runtime::Table class.

* order_by

See the documentation on order by clauses for the Alzabo::Runtime::Table class.

* group_by

See the documentation on group by clauses for the Alzabo::Runtime::Table class.

* having

This parameter is specified in the same way as the where parameter, but is used to generate a HAVING clause. It only allowed when you also specify a group_by parameter.

* limit

See the documentation on limit clauses for the Alzabo::Runtime::Table class.

These methods are used to call arbitrary SQL functions such as 'AVG' or 'MAX', and to select data from individual columns. The function (or functions) should be the return values from the functions exported by the SQLMaker subclass that you are using. Please see Using SQL functions for more details.

Throws: CWAlzabo::Exception::Logic, CWAlzabo::Exception::Params

function() return values

The return value of this method is highly context sensitive.

If you only requested a single element in your select parameter, such as DISTINCT(foo), then it returns the first value in scalar context and all the values as an array in list context.

If you requested multiple functions such as AVG(foo), MAX(foo), then it returns a single array reference, the first row of values, in scalar context and a list of array references in list context.

select() return values

This method always returns a new CWAlzabo::DriverStatement object containing the results of the query. This object has an interface very similar to the Alzabo cursor interface, and has methods such as CWnext(), CWnext_as_hash(), etc.

This method is simply a shortcut to get the result of COUNT('*') for a join. It equivalent to calling CWfunction() with a select parameter of CWCOUNT('*').

Throws: CWAlzabo::Exception::Logic, CWAlzabo::Exception::Params

This method will set all the tables in the schema to prefetch all their columns. See the lazy column loading section in CWAlzabo::Runtime::Table for more details.

This method will set all the tables in the schema to prefetch all their non-blob-type columns.

This method is called as soon as a schema is loaded.

This method turns of all prefetching.

Returns a string containing the name of the schema.

If no arguments are given, this method returns a list of all CWAlzabo::Runtime::Table objects in the schema, or in a scalar context the number of such tables. If one or more arguments are given, returns a list of table objects with those names, in the same order given (or the number of such tables in a scalar context, but this isn't terribly useful).

An CWAlzabo::Exception::Params exception is throws if the schema does not contain one or more of the specified tables.

Returns an CWAlzabo::Runtime::Table object representing the specified table.

An CWAlzabo::Exception::Params exception is throws if the schema does not contain the table.

Returns a boolean value indicating whether the table exists in the schema.

Starts a transaction. Calls to this function may be nested and it will be handled properly.

Rollback a transaction.

Finishes a transaction with a commit. If you make multiple calls to CWbegin_work(), make sure to call this method the same number of times.

This method takes a subroutine reference and wraps it in a transaction.

It will preserve the context of the caller and returns whatever the wrapped code would have returned.

Returns the CWAlzabo::Driver object for the schema.

Returns the CWAlzabo::RDBMSRules object for the schema.

Returns the CWAlzabo::SQLMaker object for the schema.

It is possible to join to the same table more than once in a query. Table objects contain an CWalias() method that, when called, returns an object that can be used in the same query as the original table object, but which will be treated as a separate table. This faciliaties queries similar to the following SQL::

  SELECT ... FROM Foo AS F1, Foo as F2, Bar AS B ...

The object returned from the table functions more or less exactly like a table object. When using this table to set where clause or order by (or any other) conditions, it is important that the column objects for these conditions be retrieved from the alias object.

For example:

 my $foo_alias = $foo->alias;

 my $cursor = $schema->join( select => $foo,
                             join   => [ $foo, $bar, $foo_alias ],
                             where  => [ [ $bar->column('baz'), '=', 10 ],
                                         [ $foo_alias->column('quux'), '=', 100 ] ],
                             order_by => $foo_alias->column('briz') );

If we were to use the CW$foo object to retrieve the 'quux' and 'briz' columns then the join would simply not work as expected.

It is also possible to use multiple aliases of the same table in a join, so that this will work properly:

 my $foo_alias1 = $foo->alias;
 my $foo_alias2 = $foo->alias;

This information is never saved to disk. This means that if you're operating in an environment where the schema object is reloaded from disk every time it is used, such as a CGI program spanning multiple requests, then you will have to make a new connection every time. In a persistent environment, this is not a problem. For example, in a mod_perl environment, you could load the schema and call the CWset_user() and CWset_password() methods in the server startup file. Then all the mod_perl children will inherit the schema with the user and password already set. Otherwise you will have to provide it for each request.

You may ask why you have to go to all this trouble to deal with the user and password information. The basic reason was that I did not feel I could come up with a solution to this problem that was secure, easy to configure and use, and cross-platform compatible. Rather, I think it is best to let each user decide on a security practice with which they feel comfortable.

In addition, there are a number of modules aimed at helping store and use this sort of information on CPAN, including CWDBIx::Connect and CWAppConfig, among others.

Dave Rolsky, <autarch@urth.org>