C Cookbook - A Cornucopia of Inline C Recipes

It's a lot easier for most of us to cook a meal from a recipe, rather than just throwing things into a pot until something edible forms. So it is with programming as well. CWInline.pm makes C programming for Perl as easy as possible. Having a set of easy to understand samples, makes it simpler yet.

This Cookbook is intended to be an evergrowing repository of small yet complete coding examples; each showing how to accomplish a particular task with Inline. Each example is followed by a short discussion, explaining in detail the particular features that are being demonstrated.

Many of these recipes are apdapted from email discussions I have had with Inline users around the world. It has been my experience so far, that Inline provides an elegant solution to almost all problems involving Perl and C.

Bon Appetit!

Problem

It seems that the first thing any programmer wants to do when he learns a new programming technique is to use it to greet the Earth. How can I do this using Inline?

Solution

    use Inline C => <<'END_C';

    void greet() {
        printf("Hello, world\n");
    }
    END_C

    greet;

Discussion

Nothing too fancy here. We define a single C function CWgreet() which prints a message to STDOUT. One thing to note is that since the Inline code comes before the function call to CWgreet, we can call it as a bareword (no parentheses).

See Also

See Inline and Inline::C for basic info about CWInline.pm.

Credits

Brian Kernigan Dennis Ritchie

Problem

A concept is valid in Perl only if it can be shown to work in one line. Can Inline reduce the complexities of Perl/C interaction to a one-liner?

Solution

    perl -e 'use Inline C=>q{void greet(){printf("Hello, world\n");}};greet'

Discussion

Try doing that in XS :-)

See Also

My email signature of late is:

    perl -le 'use Inline C=>q{SV*JAxH(char*x){return newSVpvf("Just Another %s Hacker",x);}};print JAxH+Perl'

A bit fancier but a few bytes too long to qualify as a true one liner :-(

Credits

Eli the Bearded <elijah@workspot.net> gave me the idea that I should have an Inline one-liner as a signature.

Problem

How do I pass different types of data to and from Inline C functions; like strings, numbers and integers?

Solution

    # vowels.pl
    use Inline C;

    $filename = $ARGV[0];
    die "Usage: perl vowels.pl filename\n" unless -f $filename;

    $text = join '', <>;           # slurp input file
    $vp = vowel_scan($text);       # call our function
    $vp = sprintf("%03.1f", $vp * 100);  # format for printing
    print "The letters in $filename are $vp% vowels.\n";

    __END__
    __C__

    /* Find percentage of vowels to letters */
    double vowel_scan(char* str) {
        int letters = 0;
        int vowels = 0;
        int i = 0;
        char c;
        char normalize = 'a' ^ 'A';
        /* normalize forces lower case in ASCII; upper in EBCDIC */
        char A = normalize | 'a';
        char E = normalize | 'e';
        char I = normalize | 'i';
        char O = normalize | 'o';
        char U = normalize | 'u';
        char Z = normalize | 'z';

        while(c = str[i++]) {
            c |= normalize; 
            if (c >= A && c <= Z) {
                 letters++;
                 if (c == A || c == E || c == I || c == O || c == U)
                     vowels++;
            }
        }

        return letters ? ((double) vowels / letters) : 0.0;
    }

Discussion

This script takes a file name from the command line and prints the ratio of vowels to letters in that file. CWvowels.pl uses an Inline C function called CWvowel_scan, that takes a string argument, and returns the percentage of vowels as a floating point number between 0 and 1. It handles upper and lower case letters, and works with ASCII and EBCDIC. It is also quite fast. Running this script produces:

    > perl vowels.pl /usr/dict/words 
    The letters in /usr/dict/words are 37.5% vowels.

See Also

The Perl Journal vol #19 has an article about Inline which uses this example.

Credits

This example was reprinted by permission of The Perl Journal. It was edited to work with Inline v0.30 and higher.

Problem

How do I pass a variable-sized list of arguments to an Inline C function?

Solution

    greet(qw(Sarathy Jan Sparky Murray Mike));

    use Inline C => <<'END_OF_C_CODE';

    void greet(SV* name1, ...) {
        Inline_Stack_Vars;
        int i;

        for (i = 0; i < Inline_Stack_Items; i++) 
            printf("Hello %s!\n", SvPV(Inline_Stack_Item(i), PL_na));

        Inline_Stack_Void;
    }

    END_OF_C_CODE

Discussion

This little program greets a group of people, such as my coworkers. We use the CWC ellipsis syntax: "CW...", since the list can be of any size. Since there are no types or names associated with each argument, we can't expect XS to handle the conversions for us. We'll need to pop them off the Stack ourselves. Luckily there are two functions (macros) that make this a very easy task. First, we need to begin our function with a "CWInline_Stack_Vars" statement. This defines a few internal variables that we need to access the Stack. Now we can use "CWInline_Stack_Items", which returns an integer containing the number of arguments passed to us from Perl. NOTE: It is important to only use "CWInline_Stack_" macros when there is an ellipsis (CW...) in the argument list, or the function has a return type of void. Second, we use the CWInline_Stack_Item(x) function to access each argument where 0 <= x < items. NOTE: When using a variable length argument list, you have to specify at least one argument before the ellipsis. (On my compiler, anyway.) When XS does it's argument checking, it will complain if you pass in less than the number of defined arguments. Therefore, there is currently no way to pass an empty list when a variable length list is expected.

See Also

Credits

Problem

How do I return a list of values from a C function?

Solution

    print map {"$_\n"} get_localtime(time);

    use Inline C => <<'END_OF_C_CODE';

    #include <time.h>

    void get_localtime(int utc) {
      struct tm *ltime = localtime(&utc);
      Inline_Stack_Vars;

      Inline_Stack_Reset;
      Inline_Stack_Push(sv_2mortal(newSViv(ltime->tm_year)));
      Inline_Stack_Push(sv_2mortal(newSViv(ltime->tm_mon)));
      Inline_Stack_Push(sv_2mortal(newSViv(ltime->tm_mday)));
      Inline_Stack_Push(sv_2mortal(newSViv(ltime->tm_hour)));
      Inline_Stack_Push(sv_2mortal(newSViv(ltime->tm_min)));
      Inline_Stack_Push(sv_2mortal(newSViv(ltime->tm_sec)));
      Inline_Stack_Push(sv_2mortal(newSViv(ltime->tm_isdst)));
      Inline_Stack_Done;
    }
    END_OF_C_CODE

Discussion

Perl is a language where it is common to return a list of values from a subroutine call instead of just a single value. C is not such a language. In order to accomplish this in C we need to manipulate the Perl call stack by hand. Luckily, Inline provides macros to make this easy. This example calls the system CWlocaltime, and returns each of the parts of the time struct; much like the perl builtin CWlocaltime(). On each stack push, we are creating a new Perl integer (SVIV) and mortalizing it. The sv_2mortal() call makes sure that the reference count is set properly. Without it, the program would leak memory. NOTE: The CW#include statement is not really needed, because Inline automatically includes the Perl headers which include almost all standard system calls.

See Also

For more information on the Inline stack macros, see Inline::C.

Credits

Richard Anderson <starfire@zipcon.net> contributed the original idea for this snippet.

Problem

How can I pass back more than one value without using the Perl Stack?

Solution

    use Inline::Files;
    use Inline C;

    my ($foo, $bar);
    change($foo, $bar);

    print "\$foo = $foo\n";
    print "\$bar = $bar\n";

    __C__

    int change(SV* var1, SV* var2) {
        sv_setpvn(var1, "Perl Rocks!", 11);
        sv_setpvn(var2, "Inline Rules!", 13);
        return 1;
    }

Discussion

Most perl function interfaces return values as a list of one or more scalars. Very few like CWchomp, will modify an input scalar in place. On the other hand, in C you do this quite often. Values are passed in by reference and modified in place by the called function. It turns out that we can do that with Inline as well. The secret is to use a type of 'CWSV*' for each argument that is to be modified. This ensures passing by reference, because no typemapping is needed. The function can then use the Perl5 API to operate on that argument. When control returns to Perl, the argument will retain the value set by the C function. In this example we passed in 2 empty scalars and assigned values directly to them.

See Also

Credits

Ned Konz <ned@bike-nomad.com> brought this behavior to my attention. He also pointed out that he is not the world famous computer cyclist Steve Roberts (http://www.microship.com), but he is close (http://bike-nomad.com). Thanks Ned.

Problem

How should I allocate buffers in my Inline C code?

Solution

    print greeting('Ingy');

    use Inline C => <<'END_OF_C_CODE';

    SV* greeting(SV* sv_name) {
        return (newSVpvf("Hello %s!\n", SvPV(sv_name, PL_na)));
    }

    END_OF_C_CODE

Discussion

In this example we will return the greeting to the caller, rather than printing it. This would seem mighty easy, except for the fact that we need to allocate a small buffer to create the greeting. I would urge you to stay away from CWmallocing your own buffer. Just use Perl's built in memory management. In other words, just create a new Perl string scalar. The function CWnewSVpv does just that. And CWnewSVpvf includes CWsprintf functionality. The other problem is getting rid of this new scalar. How will the ref count get decremented after we pass the scalar back? Perl also provides a function called CWsv_2mortal. Mortal variables die when the context goes out of scope. In other words, Perl will wait until the new scalar gets passed back and then decrement the ref count for you, thereby making it eligible for garbage collection. See CWperldoc perlguts. In this example the CWsv_2mortal call gets done under the hood by XS, because we declared the return type to be CWSV*. To view the generated XS code, run the command "CWperl -MInline=INFO,FORCE,NOCLEAN example004.pl". This will leave the build directory intact and tell you where to find it.

See Also

Credits

Problem

How do I use Inline securely in a CGI environment?

Solution

    #!/usr/bin/perl

    use CGI qw(:standard);
    use Inline (Config => 
                DIRECTORY => '/usr/local/apache/Inline',
               );

    print (header, 
           start_html('Inline CGI Example'),
           h1(JAxH('Inline')),
           end_html
          );

    use Inline C => <<END;
    SV* JAxH(char* x) {
        return newSVpvf("Just Another %s Hacker", x);
    }
    END

Discussion

The problem with running Inline code from a CGI script is that Inline writes to a build area on your disk whenever it compiles code. Most CGI scripts don't (and shouldn't) be able to create a directory and write into it. The solution is to explicitly tell Inline which directory to use with the 'use Inline Config => DIRECTORY => ...' line. Then you need to give write access to that directory from the web server (CGI script). If you see this as a security hole, then there is another option. Give write access to yourself, but read-only access to the CGI script. Then run the script once by hand (from the command line). This will cause Inline to precompile the C code. That way the CGI will only need read access to the build directory (to load in the shared library from there). Just remember that whenever you change the C code, you need to precompile it again.

See Also

See CGI for more information on using the CWCGI.pm module.

Credits

Problem

How do I use Inline with mod_perl?

Solution

    package Factorial;
    use strict;
    use Inline Config => 
               DIRECTORY => '/usr/local/apache/Inline',
               ENABLE => 'UNTAINT';
    use Inline 'C';
    Inline->init;

    sub handler {
        my $r = shift;
        $r->send_http_header('text/plain');
        printf "%3d! = %10d\n", $_, factorial($_) for 1..100;
        return Apache::Constants::OK;
    }

    1;
    __DATA__
    __C__
    double factorial(double x) {
        if (x < 2)  return 1;
        return x * factorial(x - 1)
    }

Discussion

This is a fully functional mod_perl handler that prints out the factorial values for the numbers 1 to 100. Since we are using Inline under mod_perl, there are a few considerations to , um, consider. First, mod_perl handlers are usually run with CW-T taint detection. Therefore, we need to enable the UNTAINT option. The next thing to deal with is the fact that this handler will most likely be loaded after Perl's compile time. Since we are using the DATA section, we need to use the special CWinit() call. And of course we need to specify a DIRECTORY that mod_perl can compile into. See the above CGI example for more info. Other than that, this is a pretty straightforward mod_perl handler, tuned for even more speed!

See Also

See Stas Bekman's upcoming O'Reilly book on mod_perl to which this example was contributed.

Credits

Problem

How do I implement Object Oriented programming in Perl using C objects?

Solution

    my $obj1 = Soldier->new('Benjamin', 'Private', 11111);
    my $obj2 = Soldier->new('Sanders', 'Colonel', 22222);
    my $obj3 = Soldier->new('Matt', 'Sergeant', 33333);

    for my $obj ($obj1, $obj2, $obj3) {
        print ($obj->get_serial, ") ", 
               $obj->get_name, " is a ", 
               $obj->get_rank, "\n");
    }

    #---------------------------------------------------------

    package Soldier;

    use Inline C => <<'END';

    typedef struct {
        char* name;
        char* rank;
        long  serial;
    } Soldier;

    SV* new(char* class, char* name, char* rank, long serial) {
        Soldier* soldier = malloc(sizeof(Soldier));
        SV*      obj_ref = newSViv(0);
        SV*      obj = newSVrv(obj_ref, class);

        soldier->name = strdup(n);
        soldier->rank = strdup(rank);
        soldier->serial = serial;

        sv_setiv(obj, (IV)soldier);
        SvREADONLY_on(obj);
        return obj_ref;
    }

    char* get_name(SV* obj) {
        return ((Soldier*)SvIV(SvRV(obj)))->name;
    }

    char* get_rank(SV* obj) {
        return ((Soldier*)SvIV(SvRV(obj)))->rank;
    }

    long get_serial(SV* obj) {
        return ((Soldier*)SvIV(SvRV(obj)))->serial;
    }

    void DESTROY(SV* obj) {
        Soldier* soldier = (Soldier*)SvIV(SvRV(obj));
        free(soldier->name);
        free(soldier->rank);
        free(soldier);
    }
    END

Discussion

Damian Conway has given us myriad ways of implementing OOP in Perl. This is one he might not have thought of. The interesting thing about this example is that it uses Perl for all the OO bindings while using C for the attributes and methods. If you examine the Perl code everything looks exactly like a regular OO example. There is a CWnew method and several accessor methods. The familiar 'arrow syntax' is used to invoke them. In the class definition (second part) the Perl CWpackage statement is used to name the object class or namespace. But that's where the similarities end and Inline takes over. The idea is that we call a C subroutine called CWnew() which returns a blessed scalar. The scalar is a reference to a readonly integer which is a C pointer to a Soldier struct. This is our object. The CWnew() function needs to malloc the memory for the struct and then copy the initial values into it using CWstrdup(). This also allocates more memory (which we have to keep track of). The accessor methods are pretty straightforward. They return the current value of their attribute. The last method CWDESTROY() is called automatically by Perl whenever an object goes out of scope. This is where we can free all the memory used by the object. That's it. It's a very simplistic example. It doesn't show off any advanced OO features, but it is pretty cool to see how easy the implementation can be. The important Perl call is CWnewSVrv() which creates a blessed scalar.

See Also

Read Object Oriented Perl by Damian Conway, for more useful ways of doing OOP in Perl. You can learn more Perl calls in perlapi. If you don't have Perl 5.6.0 or higher, visit http://www.perldoc.com/perl5.6/pod/perlapi.html

Credits

Problem

You have this great C library and you want to be able to access parts of it with Perl.

Solution

    print get('http://www.axkit.org');

    use Inline C => Config => 
               LIBS => '-lghttp';
    use Inline C => <<'END_OF_C_CODE';

    #include <ghttp.h>

    char *get(SV* uri) {
       SV* buffer;
       ghttp_request* request;

       buffer = NEWSV(0,0);
       request = ghttp_request_new();
       ghttp_set_uri(request, SvPV(uri, PL_na));

       ghttp_set_header(request, http_hdr_Connection, "close");

       ghttp_prepare(request);
       ghttp_process(request);

       sv_catpv(buffer, ghttp_get_body(request));

       ghttp_request_destroy(request);

       return SvPV(buffer, PL_na);
    }

    END_OF_C_CODE

Discussion

This example fetches and prints the HTML from http://www.axkit.org It requires the GNOME http libraries. http://www.gnome.org One of the most common questions I get is How can I use Inline to make use of some shared library?. Although it has always been possible to do so, the configuration was ugly, and there were no specific examples. With version 0.30 and higher, you can specify the use of shared libraries easily with something like this:

    use Inline C => Config => LIBS => '-lghttp';
    use Inline C => "code ...";

or

    use Inline C => "code ...", LIBS => '-lghttp';

To specify a specific library path, use:

    use Inline C => "code ...", LIBS => '-L/your/lib/path -lyourlib';

To specify an include path use:

    use Inline C => "code ...", 
               LIBS => '-lghttp',
               INC => '-I/your/inc/path';

See Also

The CWLIBS and CWINC configuration options are formatted and passed into MakeMaker. For more info see ExtUtils::MakeMaker. For more options see Inline::C.

Credits

This code was written by Matt Sergeant <matt@sergeant.org>, author of many CPAN modules. The configuration syntax has been modified for use with Inline v0.30.

Problem

You have some functions in a C library that you want to access from Perl exactly as you would from C.

Solution

The error function CWerf() is probably defined in your standard math library. Annoyingly, Perl does not let you access it. To print out a small table of its values, just say:

    perl -le 'use Inline C => q{ double erf(double); }, ENABLE => "AUTOWRAP"; print "$_ @{[erf($_)]}" for (0..10)'

The excellent CWTerm::ReadLine::Gnu implements Term::ReadLine using the GNU ReadLine library. Here is an easy way to access just CWreadline() from that library:

    package MyTerm;

    use Inline C => Config =>
               ENABLE => AUTOWRAP =>
               LIBS => "-lreadline -lncurses -lterminfo -ltermcap ";
    use Inline C => q{ char * readline(char *); };

    package main;
    my $x = MyTerm::readline("xyz: ");

Note however that it fails to CWfree() the memory returned by readline, and that CWTerm::ReadLine::Gnu offers a much richer interface.

Discussion

We access existing functions by merely showing Inline their declarations, rather than a full definition. Of course the function declared must exist, either in a library already linked to Perl or in a library specified using the CWLIBS option. The first example wraps a function from the standard math library, so Inline requires no additional CWLIBS directive. The second uses the Config option to specify the libraries that contain the actual compiled C code. This behavior is always disabled by default. You must enable the CWAUTOWRAP option to make it work.

See Also

CWreadline, CWTerm::ReadLine::Gnu

Credits

GNU ReadLine was written by Brian Fox <bfox@ai.mit.edu> and Chet Ramey <chet@ins.cwru.edu>. Term::ReadLine::Gnu was written by Hiroo Hayashi <hiroo.hayashi@computer.org>. Both are far richer than the slim interface given here! The idea of producing wrapper code given only a function declaration is taken from Swig by David M. Beazley <beazley@cs.uchicago.edu>. Ingy's inline editorial insight: This entire entry was contributed by Ariel Scolnicov <ariels@compugen.co.il>. Ariel also first suggested the idea for Inline to support function declaration processing.

Problem

How do I deal with complex data types like hashes in Inline C?

Solution

    use Inline C => <<'END_OF_C_CODE';

    void dump_hash(SV* hash_ref) {
        HV* hash;
        HE* hash_entry;
        int num_keys, i;
        SV* sv_key;
        SV* sv_val;

        if (! SvROK(hash_ref))
            croak("hash_ref is not a reference");

        hash = (HV*)SvRV(hash_ref);
        num_keys = hv_iterinit(hash);
        for (i = 0; i < num_keys; i++) {
            hash_entry = hv_iternext(hash);
            sv_key = hv_iterkeysv(hash_entry);
            sv_val = hv_iterval(hash, hash_entry);
            printf("%s => %s\n", SvPV(sv_key, PL_na), SvPV(sv_val, PL_na));
        }
        return;
    }

    END_OF_C_CODE

    my %hash = (
                Author => "Brian Ingerson",
                Nickname => "INGY",
                Module => "Inline.pm",
                Version => "0.30",
                Language => "C",
               );

    dump_hash(\%hash);

Discussion

The world is not made of scalars alone, although they are definitely the easiest creatures to deal with, when doing Inline stuff. Sometimes we need to deal with arrays, hashes, and code references, among other things. Since Perl subroutine calls only pass scalars as arguments, we'll need to use the argument type CWSV* and pass references to more complex types. The above program dumps the key/value pairs of a hash. To figure it out, just curl up with perlapi for a couple hours. Actually, its fairly straight forward once you are familiar with the calls. Note the CWcroak function call. This is the proper way to die from your C extensions.

See Also

See perlapi for information about the Perl5 internal API.

Credits

Problem

How do I create a Hash of Lists from C?

Solution

    use Inline C;
    use Data::Dumper;

    $hash_ref = load_data("./cartoon.txt");
    print Dumper $hash_ref;

    __END__
    __C__

    static int next_word(char**, char*);

    SV* load_data(char* file_name) {
        char buffer[100], word[100], * pos;
        AV* array;
        HV* hash = newHV();
        FILE* fh = fopen(file_name, "r");

        while (fgets(pos = buffer, sizeof(buffer), fh)) {
            if (next_word(&pos, word)) {
                hv_store(hash, word, strlen(word),
                        newRV_noinc((SV*)array = newAV()), 0);
                while (next_word(&pos, word))
                    av_push(array, newSVpvf("%s", word));
            }
        }
        fclose(fh);
        return newRV_noinc((SV*) hash);
    }

    static int next_word(char** text_ptr, char* word) {
        char* text = *text_ptr;
        while(*text != '\0' &&
              *text <= ' ')
            text++;
        if (*text <= ' ')
            return 0;
        while(*text != '\0' &&
              *text > ' ') {
            *word++ = *text++;
        }
        *word = '\0';
        *text_ptr = text;
        return 1;
    }

Discussion

This is one of the larger recipes. But when you consider the number of calories it has, it's not so bad. The function CWload_data takes the name of a file as it's input. The file CWcartoon.text might look like:

    flintstones fred barney
    jetsons     george jane elroy
    simpsons    homer marge bart

The function will read the file, parsing each line into words. Then it will create a new hash, whereby the first word in a line becomes a hash key and the remaining words are put into an array whose reference becomes the hash value. The output looks like this:

    $VAR1 = {
              'flintstones' => [
                                 'fred',
                                 'barney'
                               ],
              'simpsons' => [
                              'homer',
                              'marge',
                              'bart'
                            ],
              'jetsons' => [
                             'george',
                             'jane',
                             'elroy'
                           ]
            };

See Also

See perlapi for information about the Perl5 internal API.

Credits

Al Danial <alnd@pacbell.net> requested a solution to this on comp.lang.perl.misc. He borrowed the idea from the Hash of Lists example in the Camel book.

Problem

How do I access Win32 DLL-s using Inline?

Solution

    use Inline C => DATA =>
               LIBS => '-luser32';

    $text = "@ARGV" || 'Inline.pm works with MSWin32. Scary...';

    WinBox('Inline Text Box', $text);

    __END__
    __C__

    #include <windows.h>

    int WinBox(char* Caption, char* Text) {
      return MessageBoxA(0, Text, Caption, 0);
    }

Discussion

This example runs on MS Windows. It makes a text box appear on the screen which contains a message of your choice. The important thing is that its proof that you can use Inline to interact with Windows DLL-s. Very scary indeed. 8-o To use Inline on Windows with ActivePerl ( http://www.ActiveState.com ) you'll need MS Visual Studio. You can also use the Cygwin environment, available at http://www.cygwin.com .

See Also

See Inline-Support for more info on MSWin32 programming with Inline.

Credits

This example was adapted from some sample code written by Garrett Goebel <garrett@scriptpro.com>

Problem

How do I use Perl from a regular C program?

Solution

    #!/usr/bin/cpr

    int main(void) {

        printf("Using Perl version %s from a C program!\n\n",
               CPR_eval("use Config; $Config{version};"));

        CPR_eval("use Data::Dumper;");
        CPR_eval("print Dumper \\%INC;");

        return 0;

    }

Discussion

By using CPR. (C Perl Run) This example uses another Inline module, CWInline::CPR, available separately on CPAN. When you install this module it also installs a binary interpreter called CW/usr/bin/cpr. (The path may be different on your system) When you feed a C program to the CPR interpreter, it automatically compiles and runs your code using Inline. This gives you full access to the Perl internals. CPR also provides a set of easy to use C macros for calling Perl internals. This means that you can effectively run C source code by putting a CPR hashbang as the first line of your C program.

See Also

See Inline::CPR for more information on using CPR. CWInline::CPR can be obtained from http://search.cpan.org/search?dist=Inline-CPR

Credits

Randal Schwartz <merlyn@stonehenge.com>, Randolph Bentson <bentson@grieg.holmsjoen.com>, Richard Anderson <starfire@zipcon.net>, and Tim Maher <tim@consultix-inc.com> helped me figure out how to write a program that would work as a hashbang.

As of version 0.30, Inline has the ability to work in cooperation with other modules that want to expose a C API of their own. The general syntax for doing this is:

    use Inline with => 'Module';
    use Inline C => ... ;

This tells CWModule to pass configuration options to Inline. Options like typemaps, include paths, and external libraries, are all resolved automatically so you can just concentrate on writing the functions.

Problem

You need to write a C callback for the CWEvent.pm module. Can this be done more easily with Inline?

Solution

    use Inline with => 'Event';

    Event->timer(desc     => 'Timer #1',
                 interval => 2,
                 cb       => \&my_callback,
                );

    Event->timer(desc     => 'Timer #2',
                 interval => 3,
                 cb       => \&my_callback,
                );

    print "Starting...\n";
    Event::loop;

    use Inline C => <<'END';
    void my_callback(pe_event* event) {
        pe_timer * watcher = event->up;

        printf("%s\n\tEvent priority = %d\n\tWatcher priority = %d\n\n",
               SvPVX(watcher->base.desc),
               event->prio,
               watcher->base.prio
              );
    }
    END

Discussion

The first line tells Inline to load the CWEvent.pm module. Inline then queries CWEvent for configuration information. It gets the name and location of Event's header files, typemaps and shared objects. The parameters that CWEvent returns look like:

    INC => "-I $path/Event",
    TYPEMAPS => "$path/Event/typemap",
    MYEXTLIB => "$path/auto/Event/Event.$so",
    AUTO_INCLUDE => '#include "EventAPI.h"',
    BOOT => 'I_EVENT_API("Inline");',

Doing all of this automatically allows you, the programmer, to simply write a function that receives a pointer of type CW'pe_event*'. This gives you access to the CWEvent structure that was passed to you. In this example, I simply print values out of the structure. The Perl code defines 2 timer events which each invoke the same callback. The first one, every two seconds, and the second one, every three seconds. As of this writing, CWEvent.pm is the only CPAN module that works in cooperation with Inline.

See Also

Read the CWEvent.pm documentation for more information. It contains a tutorial showing several examples of using Inline with CWEvent.

Credits

Jochen Stenzel <perl@jochen-stenzel.de> originally came up with the idea of mixing Inline and CWEvent. He also authored the CWEvent tutorial. Joshua Pritikin <joshua.pritikin@db.com> is the author of CWEvent.pm.

Problem

I'd like to be able to call the same C function from both Perl and C. Also I like to define a C function that doesn't get bound to Perl. How do I do that?

Solution

    print "9 + 5 = ", add(9, 5), "\n";
    print "SQRT(9^2 + 5^2) = ", pyth(9, 5), "\n";
    print "9 * 5 = ", mult(9, 5), "\n";

    use Inline C => <<'END_C';
    int add(int x, int y) {
        return x + y;
    }
    static int mult(int x, int y) {
        return x * y;
    }
    double pyth(int x, int y) {
        return sqrt(add(mult(x, x), mult(y, y)));
    }
    END_C

Discussion

The program produces:

    9 + 5 = 14
    SQRT(9^2 + 5^2) = 10.295630140987
    Can't locate auto/main/mult.al in @INC ...

Every Inline function that is bound to Perl is also callable by C. You don't have to do anything special. Inline arranges it so that all the typemap code gets done by XS and is out of sight. By the time the C function receives control, everything has been converted from Perl to C. Of course if your function manipulates the Perl Stack, you probably don't want to call it from C (unless you really know what you're doing). If you declare a function as CWstatic, Inline won't bind it to Perl. That's why we were able to call CWmult() from C but the call failed from Perl.

See Also

Credits

Problem

So now that I can call C from Perl, how do I call a Perl subroutine from an Inline C function.

Solution

    use Inline C;

    c_func_1('This is the first line');
    c_func_2('This is the second line');

    sub perl_sub_1 {
        print map "$_\n", @_;
    }

    __DATA__
    __C__

    void c_func_1(SV* text) {
        c_func_2(text);
    }

    void c_func_2(SV* text) {
        Inline_Stack_Vars;
        Inline_Stack_Push(newSVpvf("Plus an extra line"));
        Inline_Stack_Done;
        perl_call_pv("main::perl_sub_1", 0);
        Inline_Stack_Void;
    }

Discussion

Actually, this program demonstrates calling a C function which calls another C function which in turn calls a Perl subroutine. The nice thing about Inline C functions is that you can call them from both Perl-space and C-space. That's because Inline creates a wrapper function around each C function. When you use Perl to call C you're actually calling that function's wrapper. The wrapper handles typemapping and Stack management, and then calls your C function. The first time we call CWc_func_1 which calls CWc_func_2. The second time we call CWc_func_2 directly. CWc_func_2 calls the Perl subroutine (CWperl_sub_1) using the internal CWperl_call_pv function. It has to put arguments on the stack by hand. Since there is already one argument on the stack when we enter the function, the CWInline_Stack_Push adds a second argument. CWInline_Stack_Void makes sure that nothing is returned from the function.

See Also

See Inline::C for more information about Stack macros. See perlapi for more information about the Perl5 internal API.

Credits

Problem

I've totally lost my marbles and I want to generate C code at run time, and CWeval it into Perl. How do I do this?

Solution

    use Inline;
    use Code::Generator;

    my $c_code = generate('foo_function');

    Inline->bind(C => $c_code);

    foo_function(1, 2, 3);

Discussion

I can't think of a real life application where you would want to generate C code on the fly, but at least I know how I would do it. :) The CWbind() function of Inline let's you bind (compile/load/execute) C functions at run time. It takes all of the same arguments as 'use Inline C => ...'. The nice thing is that once a particular snippet is compiled, it remains cached so that it doesn't need to be compiled again. I can imagine that someday a mad scientist will dream up a self generating modeling system that would run faster and faster over time. If you know such a person, have them drop me a line.

See Also

Credits

For generic information about Inline, see Inline.

For information about using Inline with C see Inline::C.

For information on supported languages and platforms see Inline-Support.

For information on writing your own Inline language support module, see Inline-API.

Inline's mailing list is inline@perl.org

To subscribe, send email to inline-subscribe@perl.org

Brian Ingerson <INGY@cpan.org>

Copyright (c) 2001, 2002, Brian Ingerson.

All Rights Reserved. This module is free software. It may be used, redistributed and/or modified under the terms of the Perl Artistic License.

See http://www.perl.com/perl/misc/Artistic.html