Lingua::EN::NameParse - routines for manipulating a person's name

    use Lingua::EN::NameParse qw(clean case_surname);

    # optional configuration arguments
    my %args =
    (
        salutation      => 'Dear',
        sal_default     => 'Friend',
        auto_clean      => 1,
        force_case      => 1,
        lc_prefix       => 1,
        initials        => 3,
        allow_reversed  => 1,
        joint_names     => 0,
        extended_titles => 0
    );

    my $name = new Lingua::EN::NameParse(%args);

    $error = $name->parse("MR AC DE SILVA");

    %name_comps = $name->components;
    $surname = $name_comps{surname_1}; # DE SILVA

    $correct_casing = $name->case_all; # Mr AC de Silva

    $correct_casing = $name->case_all_reversed ; # de Silva, AC

    $good_name = &clean("Bad Na9me   "); # "Bad Name"

    $name->salutation; # Dear Mr de Silva

    %my_properties = $name->properties;
    $number_surnames = $my_properties{number}; # 1
    $bad_input = $my_properties{non_matching};

    $name->report; # create a report listing all information about the parsed name

    $lc_prefix = 0;
    $correct_case = &case_surname("DE SILVA-MACNAY",$lc_prefix); # De Silva-MacNay

This module takes as input a person or persons name in free format text such as,

    Mr AB & M/s CD MacNay-Smith
    MR J.L. D'ANGELO
    Estate Of The Late Lieutenant Colonel AB Van Der Heiden

and attempts to parse it. If successful, the name is broken down into components and useful functions can be performed such as :

   converting upper or lower case values to name case (Mr AB MacNay   )
   creating a personalised greeting or salutation     (Dear Mr MacNay )
   extracting the names individual components         (Mr,AB,MacNay   )
   determining the type of format the name is in      (Mr_A_Smith     )

If the name cannot be parsed you have the option of cleaning the name of bad characters, or extracting any portion that was parsed and the portion that failed.

This module can be used for analysing and improving the quality of lists of names.

The following terms are used by NameParse to define the components that can make up a name.

   Precursor   - Estate of (The Late), Right Honourable ...
   Title       - Mr, Mrs, Ms., Sir, Dr, Major, Reverend ...
   Conjunction - word to separate names or initials, such as "And"
   Initials    - 1-3 letters, each with an optional space and/or dot
   Surname     - De Silva, Van Der Heiden, MacNay-Smith, O'Reilly ...
   Suffix      - Snr., Jnr, III, V ...

Refer to the component grammar defined within the code for a complete list of combinations.

'Name casing' refers to the correct use of upper and lower case letters in peoples names, such as Mr AB McNay.

To describe the formats supported by NameParse, a short hand representation of the name is used. The following formats are currently supported :

    Mr_A_Smith_&_Ms_B_Jones
    Mr_&_Ms_A_&_B_Smith
    Mr_A_&_Ms_B_Smith
    Mr_&_Ms_A_Smith
    Mr_A_&_B_Smith
    Mr_John_A_Smith
    Mr_John_Smith
    Mr_A_Smith
    John_Adam_Smith
    John_A_Smith
    J_Adam_Smith
    John_Smith
    A_Smith

Precursors and suffixes are only applied to the following formats:

    Mr_John_A_Smith
    Mr_John_Smith
    Mr_John_Smith
    Mr_A_Smith
    John_Adam_Smith
    John_A_Smith
    J_Adam_Smith
    John_Smith
    A_Smith

The CWnew method creates an instance of a name object and sets up the grammar used to parse names. This must be called before any of the following methods are invoked. Note that the object only needs to be created ONCE, and should be reused with new input data. Calling CWnew repeatedly will significantly slow your program down.

Various setup options may be defined in a hash that is passed as an optional argument to the CWnew method. Note that all the arguments are optional. You need to define the combination of arguments that are appropriate for your usage.

   my %args =
   (
      salutation     => 'Dear',
      sal_default    => 'Friend',
      auto_clean     => 1,
      force_case     => 1,
      lc_prefix      => 1,
      initials       => 3,
      allow_reversed => 1
   );

   my $name = new Lingua::EN::NameParse(%args);

salutation

The option defines the salutation word, such as Dear or Greetings. It must be defined if you are planning to use the CWsalutation method.

sal_default

This option defines the defaulting word to substitute for the title and surname(s), when parsing fails to identify them. It is also used when a precursor occurs. Examples are Friend or Member. It must be defined if you are planning to use the CWsalutation method. If an '&' or 'and' occurs in the unmatched section then it is assumed that we are dealing with more than one person, and an 's' is appended to the defaulting word.

force_case

This option will force the CWcase_all method to name case the entire input string, including any unmatched sections that failed parsing. For example, in MR A JONES & ASSOCIATES, & ASSOCIATES will also be name cased. The casing rules for unmatched sections are the same as for surnames. This is usually the best option, although any initials in the unmatched section will not be correctly cased. This option is useful when you know you data has invalid names, but you cannot filter out or reject them.

auto_clean

When this option is set to a positive value, any call to the CWparse method that fails will attempt to 'clean' the name and then reparse it. See the CWclean method for details. This is useful for dirty data with embedded unprintable or non alphabetic characters.

lc_prefix

When this option is set to a positive value, it will force the CWcase_all and CWcase_component methods to lower case the first letter of each word that occurs in the prefix portion of a surname. For example, Mr AB de Silva, or Ms AS von der Heiden.

initials

Allows the user to control the number of letters that can occur in the initials. Valid settings are 1,2 or 3. If no value is supplied a default of 2 is used.

allow_reversed

When this option is set to a positive value, names in reverse order will be processed. The only valid format is the surname followed by a comma and the rest of the name, which can be in any of the combinations allowed by non reversed names. Some examples are: Smith, Mr AB Jones, Jim De Silva, Professor A.B. The program change the order of the name back to the non reversed format, and then performs the normal parsing. Note that if the name can be parsed, the fact that it's order was originally reversed, is not recorded as a property of the name object.

joint_names

When this option is set to a positive value, joint names are accounted for: Mr_A_Smith_&_Ms_B_Jones Mr_&_Ms_A_&_B_Smith Mr_A_&_Ms_B_Smith Mr_&_Ms_A_Smith Mr_A_&_B_Smith Note that if this option is not specified, than by default joint names are ignored. Disabling joint names speeds up the processing a lot.

extended_titles

When this option is set to a positive value, all combinations of titles, such as Colonel, Mother Superior are used. If this value is not set, only the following titles are accounted for:

    Mr
    Ms
    M/s
    Mrs
    Miss
    Dr
    Sir
    Dame
    Reverend
    Reverand
    Father
    Captain
    Capt
    Colonel
    Col
    General
    Gen
    Major
    Maj

Note that if this option is not specified, than by default extended titles are ignored. Disabling extended titles speeds up the processing.

    $error = $name->parse("MR AC DE SILVA");

The CWparse method takes a single parameter of a text string containing a name. It attempts to parse the name and break it down into the components described above. If the name was parsed successfully, a 0 is returned, otherwise a 1. This step is a prerequisite for the following functions.

    $correct_casing = $name->case_all;

The CWcase_all method converts the first letter of each component to capitals and the remainder to lower case, with the following exceptions-

   initials remain capitalised
   surname spelling such as MacNay-Smith, O'Brien and Van Der Heiden are preserved
   - see C<surname_prefs.txt> for user defined exceptions

A complete definition of the capitalising rules can be found by studying the component grammar defined within the code.

The method returns the entire cased name as text.

    $correct_casing = $name->case_all_reversed;

The CWcase_all_reversed method applies the same type of casing as CWcase_all. However, the name is returned as surname followed by a comma and the rest of the name, which can be any of the combinations allowed for a name, except the title. Some examples are: Smith, John, De Silva, A.B. This is useful for sorting names alphabetically by surname.

The method returns the entire reverse order cased name as text.

   %my_name = $name->components;
   $cased_surname = $my_name{surname_1};

The CWcase_components method does the same thing as the CWcase_all method, but returns the name cased components in a hash. The following keys are used for each component-

   precursor
   title_1
   title_2
   given_name_1
   initials_1
   initials_2
   middle_name
   conjunction_1
   conjunction_2
   surname_1
   surname_2
   suffix

If a key has no matching data for a given name, it's values will be set to the empty string.

   %name = $name->components;
   $surname = $my_name{surname_1};

The CWcomponents method does the same thing as the CWcase_components method, but each component is returned as it appears in the input string, with no case conversion.

   $correct_casing = &case_surname("DE SILVA-MACNAY" [,$lc_prefix]);

CWcase_surname is a stand alone function that does not require a name object. The input is a text string. An optional input argument controls the casing rules for prefix portions of a surname, as described above in the CWlc_prefix section.

The output is a string converted to the correct casing for surnames. See CWsurname_prefs.txt for user defined exceptions

This function is useful when you know you are only dealing with names that do not have initials like Mr John Jones. It is much faster than the case_all method, but does not understand context, and cannot detect errors on strings that are not personal names.

Some surnames can have more than one form of valid capitalisation, such as MacQuarie or Macquarie. Where the user wants to specify one form as the default, a text file called surname_prefs.txt should be created and placed in the same location as the NameParse module. The text file should contain one surname per line, in the capitalised form you want, such as

   Macquarie
   MacHado

NameParse will still operate if the file does not exist

The CWsalutation method converts a name into a personal greeting, such as Dear Mr & Mrs O'Brien.

If an error is detected during parsing, such as with the name AB Smith & Associates, the title (if it occurs) and the surname(s) are replaced with a default word like Friend or Member. If the input string contains a conjunction, an 's' is added to the default.

If the name contains a precursor, a default salutation is also produced.

   $good_name = &clean("Bad Na9me");

CWclean is a stand alone function that does not require a name object. The input is a text string and the output is the string with:

   all repeating spaces removed
   all characters not in the set (A-Z a-z - ' , . &) removed

The CWproperties method returns all the properties of the name, non_matching, number and type, as a hash.

type

The type of format a name is in, as one of the following strings:

   Mr_A_Smith_&_Ms_B_Jones
   Mr_&_Ms_A_&_B_Smith
   Mr_A_&_Ms_B_Smith
   Mr_&_Ms_A_Smith
   Mr_A_&_B_Smith
   Mr_John_A_Smith
   Mr_John_Smith
   Mr_A_Smith
   John_Adam_Smith
   John_A_Smith
   J_Adam_Smith
   John_Smith
   A_Smith
   unknown

non_matching

Returns any unmatched section that was found.

Create a formatted text report to standard output listing - the input string, - the name and value of each defined component - any non matching component

The huge number of character combinations that can form a valid names makes it is impossible to correctly identify them all. Firstly, there are many ambiguities, which have no right answer.

   Macbeth or MacBeth, are both valid spellings
   Is ED WOOD E.D. Wood or Edward Wood
   Is 'Mr Rapid Print' a name or a company

One approach is to have large lookup files of names and words, statistical rules and fuzzy logic to attempt to derive context. This approach gives high levels of accuracy but uses a lot of your computers time and resources.

NameParse takes the approach of using a limited set of rules, based on the formats that are commonly used by business to represent peoples names. This gives us fairly high accuracy, with acceptable speed and program size.

NameParse will accept names from many countries, like Van Der Heiden, De La Mare and Le Fontain. Having said that, it is still biased toward English, because the precursors, titles and conjunctions are based on English usage.

Names with two or more words, but no separating hyphen are not recognized. This is a real quandary as Indian, Chinese and other names can have several components. If these are allowed for, any component after the surname will also be picked up. For example in Mr AB Jones Trading As Jones Pty Ltd will return a surname of Jones Trading.

Because of the large combination of possible names defined in the grammar, the program is not very fast, except for the more limited CWcase_surname subroutine. See the Future Directions section for possible speed ups.

As the parser has a very limited understanding of context, the John_Adam_Smith name type is most likely to cause problems, as it contains no known tokens like a title. A string such as National Australia Bank would be accepted as a valid name, first name National etc. Supplying a list of common pronouns as exceptions could solve this problem.

The Wordsworth Dictionary of Abbreviations & Acronyms (1997)

Australian Standard AS4212-1994 Geographic Information Systems - Data Dictionary for transfer of street addressing information

   Add filtering of very long names
   Add diagnostic messages explaining why parsing failed
   Add transforming methods to do things like remove dots from initials
   Try to derive gender (Mr... is male, Ms, Mrs... is female)

Let the user select what level of complexity of grammar they need for their data. For example, if you know most of your names are in a John Smith format, you can avoid the ambiguity between two letter given names and initials. Using a limited grammar subset will also be much faster.

Define grammar for other languages. Hopefully, all that would be needed is to specify a new module with its own grammar, and inherit all the existing methods. I don't have the knowledge of the naming conventions for non-english languages.

Lingua::EN::AddressParse, Lingua::EN::MatchNames, Lingua::EN::NickNames, Lingua::EN::NameCase, Parse::RecDescent

The dot in a suffix of Jnr. or Snr. will be consumed as unmatched text, and not be retained with the suffix.

Thanks to all the people who provided ideas and suggestions, including -

   QM Industries <http://www.qmi.com.au>
   Damian Conway,  author of Parse::RecDescent
   Mark Summerfield author of Lingua::EN::NameCase,
   Ron Savage, Alastair Adam Huffman, Douglas Wilson
   Peter Schendzielorz

NameParse was written by Kim Ryan <kimryan at cpan dot org>

Copyright (c) 2005 Kim Ryan. All rights reserved.

This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself, either Perl version 5.8.4 or, at your option, any later version of Perl 5 you may have available.