WWW::Search - Virtual base class for WWW searches

    require WWW::Search;
    $sEngine = "AltaVista";
    $oSearch = new WWW::Search($sEngine);

This class is the parent for all access methods supported by the CWWWW::Search library. This library implements a Perl API to web-based search engines.

See README for a list of search engines currently supported, and for a lot of interesting high-level information about this distribution.

Search results can be limited, and there is a pause between each request to avoid overloading either the client or the server.

Here is a sample program:

    my $sQuery = 'Columbus Ohio sushi restaurant';
    my $oSearch = new WWW::Search('AltaVista');
    $oSearch->native_query(WWW::Search::escape_query($sQuery));
    $oSearch->login($sUser, $sPassword);
    while (my $oResult = $oSearch->next_result())
      {
      print $oResult->url, "\n";
      } # while
    $oSearch->logout;

Results are objects of type CWWWW::Search::Result (see WWW::Search::Result for details). Note that different backends support different result fields. All backends are required to support title and url.

For specific search engines, see WWW::Search::TheEngineName (replacing TheEngineName with a particular search engine).

For details about the results of a search, see WWW::Search::Result.

Methods and functions marked as PRIVATE are, in general, only useful to backend programmers.

To create a new WWW::Search, call

    $oSearch = new WWW::Search('SearchEngineName');

where SearchEngineName is replaced with a particular search engine. For example:

    $oSearch = new WWW::Search('Yahoo');

If no search engine is specified, a default (currently 'Null::Empty') will be chosen for you. The next step is usually:

    $oSearch->native_query('search-engine-specific+query+string');

Returns the value of the CW$VERSION variable of the backend engine, or CW$WWW::Search::VERSION if the backend does not contain CW$VERSION.

Returns the value of the CW$MAINTAINER variable of the backend engine, or CW$WWW::Search::MAINTAINER if the backend does not contain CW$MAINTAINER.

Returns a list of the names of all installed backends. We can not tell if they are up-to-date or working, though.

  use WWW::Search;
  my @asEngines = sort &WWW::Search::installed_engines();
  local $" = ', ';
  print (" + These WWW::Search backends are installed: @asEngines\n");
  # Choose a backend at random:
  my $oSearch = WWW::Search->new($asEngines[rand(scalar(@asEngines))]);

Specify a query (and optional options) to the current search object. Previous query (if any) and its cached results (if any) will be thrown away. The option values and the query must be escaped; call WWW::Search::escape_query() to escape a string. The search process is not actually begun until CWresults() or CWnext_result() is called (lazy!), so native_query does not return anything.

Example:

  $oSearch->native_query('search-engine-specific+escaped+query+string',
                        { option1 => 'able', option2 => 'baker' } );

The hash of options following the query string is optional. The query string is backend-specific. There are two kinds of options: options specific to the backend, and generic options applicable to multiple backends.

Generic options all begin with 'search_'. Currently a few are supported:

search_url

Specifies the base URL for the search engine.

search_debug

Enables backend debugging. The default is 0 (no debugging).

search_parse_debug

Enables backend parser debugging. The default is 0 (no debugging).

search_to_file FILE

Causes the search results to be saved in a set of files prefixed by FILE. (Used internally by the test-suite, not intended for general use.)

search_from_file FILE

Reads a search from a set of files prefixed by FILE. (Used internally by the test-suite, not intended for general use.)

Some backends may not implement these generic options, but any which do implement them must provide these semantics.

Backend-specific options are described in the documentation for each backend. In most cases the options and their values are packed together to create the query portion of the final URL.

Details about how the search string and option hash are interpreted might be found in the search-engine-specific manual pages (WWW::Search::SearchEngineName).

After CWnative_query(), the next step is usually:

    while ($oResult = $oSearch->next_result())
      {
      # do_something($oResult);
      }

Specify a query to the current search object; the query will be performed with the engine's default options, as if it were typed by a user in a browser window.

Same arguments as CWnative_query() above.

Currently, this feature is supported by only a few backends; consult the documentation for each backend to see if it is implemented.

Call this method (anytime before asking for results) if you want to communicate cookie data with the search engine. Takes one argument, either a filename or an HTTP::Cookies object. If you give a filename, WWW::Search will attempt to read/store cookies there (by in turn passing the filename to HTTP::Cookies::new).

  $oSearch->cookie_jar('/tmp/my_cookies');

If you give an HTTP::Cookies object, it is up to you to save the cookies if/when you wish.

  use HTTP::Cookies;
  my $oJar = HTTP::Cookies->new(...);
  $oSearch->cookie_jar($oJar);

If you pass in no arguments, the cookie jar (if any) is returned.

  my $oJar = $oSearch->cookie_jar;
  unless (ref $oJar) { print "No jar" };

Set/get the start date for limiting the query by a date range. See the documentation for each backend to find out if date ranges are supported for each search engine.

Set/get the end date for limiting the query by a date range. See the documentation for each backend to find out if date ranges are supported for each search engine.

Enable loading proxy settings from *_proxy environment variables. The proxy URL will be read from CW$ENV{http_proxy}. The username for authentication will be read from CW$ENV{http_proxy_user}. The password for authentication will be read from CW$ENV{http_proxy_pwd}.

If you don't want to put passwords in the environment, then subclass LWP::UserAgent and use CW$ENV{WWW_SEARCH_USERAGENT} instead (see user_agent below).

env_proxy() must be called before the first retrieval is attempted.

Example:

  $ENV{http_proxy     } = 'http://my.proxy.com:80';
  $ENV{http_proxy_user} = 'bugsbun';
  $ENV{http_proxy_pwd } = 'c4rr0t5';
  $oSearch->env_proxy('yes');  # Turn on with any true value
  ...
  $oSearch->env_proxy(0);  # Turn off with zero or undef
  ...
  if ($oSearch->env_proxy)  # Test

Set-up an HTTP proxy (for connections from behind a firewall).

Takes the same arguments as LWP::UserAgent::proxy().

This routine should be called before calling any of the result functions (next_result or results).

Example:

  # Turn on and set address:
  $oSearch->http_proxy(['http','ftp'] => 'http://proxy:8080');
  # Turn off:
  $oSearch->http_proxy('');

Set/get HTTP proxy authentication data.

These routines set/get username and password used in proxy authentication. Authentication is attempted only if all three items (proxy URL, username and password) have been set.

Example:

    $oSearch->http_proxy_user("myuser");
    $oSearch->http_proxy_pwd("mypassword");
    $oSearch->http_proxy_user(undef);   # Example for no authentication

    $username = $oSearch->http_proxy_user();

Returns true if all authentication data (proxy URL, username, and password) are available.

Set the maximum number of hits to return. Queries resulting in more than this many hits will return the first hits, up to this limit. Although this specifies a maximum limit, search engines might return less than this number.

Defaults to 500.

Example: CW$max = CW$oSearch->maximum_to_retrieve(1);

You can also spell this method maximum_to_return.

The maximum length of time any portion of the query should take, in seconds.

Defaults to 60.

Example: CW$oSearch->timeout(1);

Some backends indicate how many hits they have found. Typically this is an approximate value.

Return all the results of a query as an array of WWW::Search::Result objects.

Example:

    @results = $oSearch->results();
    foreach $oResult (@results) {
        print $oResult->url(), "\n";
    };

On error, results() will return undef and set CWresponse() to the HTTP response code.

Call this method repeatedly to return each result of a query as a WWW::Search::Result object. Example:

    while ($oResult = $oSearch->next_result())
      {
      print $oResult->url(), "\n";
      } # while

On error, next_result() will return undef and set CWresponse() to an HTTP response object.

Backends which need to login to the search engine should implement this function. Takes two arguments, user and password. Return nonzero if login was successful. Return 0 if login failed.

Backends which need to logout from the search engine should implement this function.

Returns the an HTTP::Response object which resulted from the most-recently-sent query (see HTTP::Response). If the query returns no results (i.e. CW$oSearch->results is CWundef), errors can be reported like this:

    my $response = $oSearch->response();
    if ($response->is_success) {
        print "normal end of result list\n";
    } else {
        print "error:  " . $response->as_string() . "\n";
    }

Note to backend authors: even if the backend does not involve the web, it should return an HTTP::Response object.

Set which result should be returned next time CWnext_result() is called. Results are zero-indexed.

The only guaranteed valid offset is 0, which will replay the results from the beginning. In particular, seeking past the end of the current cached results probably will not do what you might think it should.

Results are cached, so this does not re-issue the query or cause IO (unless you go off the end of the results). To re-do the query, create a new search object.

Example:

    $oSearch->seek_result(0);

Resets internal data structures to start over with a new search (on the same engine).

This method can be used to submit URLs to the search engines for indexing. Consult the documentation for each backend to find out if it is implemented there, and if so what the arguments are.

Returns an HTTP::Response object describing the result of the submission request. Consult the documentation for each backend to find out the meaning of the response.

This function provides an application a place to store one opaque data element (or many, via a Perl reference). This facility is useful to (for example), maintain client-specific information in each active query when you have multiple concurrent queries.

Escape a query. Before queries are sent to the internet, special characters must be escaped so that a proper URL can be formed. This is like escaping a URL, but all non-alphanumeric characters are escaped and and spaces are converted to +s.

Example: CW$escaped = WWW::Search::escape_query('+hi +mom');

    (Returns "%2Bhi+%2Bmom").

See also CWunescape_query(). NOTE that this is not a method, it is a plain function.

Unescape a query. See CWescape_query() for details.

Example: CW$unescaped = WWW::Search::unescape_query('%22hi+mom%22');

    (Returns '"hi mom"').

NOTE that this is not a method, it is a plain function.

Given a string, returns a copy of that string with HTML tags removed. This should be used by each backend as they insert the title and description values into the search results objects.

NOTE that this is not a method, it is a plain function.

Deprecated.

Given a reference to a hash of string => string, constructs a CGI parameter string that looks like 'key1=value1&key2=value2'.

If the value is undef, the key will not be added to the string.

At one time, for testing purposes, we asked backends to use this function rather than piecing the URL together by hand, to ensure that URLs are identical across platforms and software versions. But this is no longer necessary.

Example:

    $self->{_options} = {
                         'opt3' => 'val3',
                         'search_url' => 'http://www.deja.com/dnquery.xp',
                         'opt1' => 'val1',
                         'QRY' => $native_query,
                         'opt2' => 'val2',
                        };
    $self->{_next_url} = $self->{_options}{'search_url'} .'?'.
                         $self->hash_to_cgi_string($self->{_options});

This internal routine creates a user-agent for derived classes that query the web. If any non-false argument is given, a normal LWP::UserAgent (rather than a LWP::RobotUA) is used.

Returns the user-agent object.

If a backend needs the low-level LWP::UserAgent or LWP::RobotUA to have a particular name, CW$oSearch->{'agent_name'} (and possibly CW$oSearch->{'agent_e_mail'}) should be set to the desired values *before* calling CW$oSearch->user_agent():

If the environment variable WWW_SEARCH_USERAGENT has a value, it will be used as the class for a new user agent object. This class should be a subclass of LWP::UserAgent. For example,

  $ENV{WWW_SEARCH_USERAGENT} = 'My::Own::UserAgent';
  # If this env.var. has no value,
  # LWP::UserAgent or LWP::RobotUA will be used.
  $oSearch = new WWW::Search('MyBackend');
  $oSearch->{'agent_e_mail'} = $oSearch->{'agent_name'};
  $oSearch->{'agent_name'} = 'Mozilla/MSIE 5.5';
  $oSearch->user_agent('non-robot');

Backends should use robot-style user-agents whenever possible.

Get / set the value of the HTTP_REFERER variable for this search object. Some search engines might only accept requests that originated at some specific previous page. This method lets backend authors fake the previous page. Call this method before calling http_request.

  $oSearch->http_referer('http://prev.engine.com/wherever/setup.html');
  $oResponse = $oSearch->http_request('GET', $url);

Get / set the method to be used for the HTTP request. Must be either 'GET' or 'POST'. Call this method before calling http_request. (Normally you would set this during native_setup_search().) The default is 'GET'.

  $oSearch->http_method('POST');

Get or set the URL for the next backend request. This can be used to save the WWW::Search state between sessions (e.g. if you are showing pages of results to the user in a web browser). Before closing down a session, save the value of next_url:

  ...
  $oSearch->maximum_to_return(1);
  while ($oSearch->next_result) { ... }
  my $urlSave = $oSearch->next_url;

Then, when you start up the next session (e.g. after the user clicks your next button), restore this value before calling for the results:

  $oSearch->native_query(...);
  $oSearch->next_url($urlSave);
  $oSearch->maximum_to_return(2);
  while ($oSearch->next_result) { ... }

WARNING: It is entirely up to you to keep your interface in sync with the number of hits per page being returned from the backend. And, we make no guarantees whether this method will work for any given backend. (Their caching scheme might not enable you to jump into the middle of a list of search results, for example.)

This internal routine splits data (typically the result of the web page retrieval) into lines in a way that is OS independent. If the first argument is a reference to an array, that array is taken to be a list of possible delimiters for this split. For example, Yahoo.pm uses <p> and <dd><li> as line delimiters for convenience.

This internal routine checks if an option is generic or backend specific. Currently all generic options begin with 'search_'. This routine is not a method.

This internal routine does generic Search setup. It calls CWnative_setup_search() to do backend-specific setup.

Derived classes should call this between requests to remote servers to avoid overloading them with many, fast back-to-back requests.

An internal routine to convert a relative URL into a absolute URL. It takes two arguments, the 'base' url (usually the search engine CGI URL) and the URL to be converted. Returns a URI object.

An internal routine to interface with CWnative_retrieve_some(). Checks for overflow.

Fetch the next page of results from the web engine, parse the results, and prepare for the next page of results.

If a backend defines this method, it is in total control of the WWW fetch, parsing, and preparing for the next page of results. See the WWW::Search::AltaVista module for example usage of the native_retrieve_some method.

An easier way to achieve this is to inherit native_retrieve_some from WWW::Search, and do only the parsing in the backend code. Simply define a method parse_tree which takes one argument, an HTML::TreeBuilder object, and returns an integer, the number of results found on this page. See the WWW::Search::Yahoo module for example usage of the parse_tree method.

A backend should, in general, define either parse_tree() or native_retrieve_some(), but not both.

Additional features of the default native_retrieve_some method:

Sets CW$self->{_prev_url} to the URL of the page just retrieved.

Calls CW$self->preprocess_results_page() on the raw HTML of the page.

Then, parses the page with an HTML::TreeBuilder object and passes that populated object to CW$self->parse_tree().

Additional notes on using the parse_tree method:

The built-in HTML::TreeBuilder object used to parse the page has store_comments turned ON. If a backend needs to use a subclassed or modified HTML::TreeBuilder object, the backend should set CW$self->{'_treebuilder'} to that object before any results are retrieved. The best place to do this is at the end of native_setup_search.

  my $oTree = new myTreeBuilder;
  $oTree->store_pis(1);  # for example
  $self->{'_treebuilder'} = $oTree;

When parse_tree() is called, the CW$self->next_url is cleared. During parsing, the backend should set CW$self->next_url to the appropriate URL for the next page of results. (If parse_tree() does not set the value, the search will end after parsing this page of results.)

When parse_tree() is called, the URL for the page being parsed can be found in CW$self->{_prev_url}.

A filter on the raw HTML of the results page. This allows the backend to alter the HTML before it is parsed, such as to correct for known problems, HTML that can not be parsed correctly, etc.

Takes one argument, a string (the HTML webpage); returns one string (the same HTML, modified).

This method is called from within native_retrieve_some (above) before the HTML of the page is parsed.

See the WWW::Search::Ebay distribution 2.07 or higher for example usage.

Deprecated.

Returns the value of the CW$TEST_CASES variable of the backend engine.

CWWWW::Search supports backends to separate search engines. Each backend is implemented as a subclass of CWWWW::Search. WWW::Search::Yahoo provides a good sample backend.

A backend must have the routine CWnative_setup_search(). A backend must have the routine CWnative_retrieve_some() or CWparse_tree().

CWnative_setup_search() is invoked before the search. It is passed a single argument: the escaped, native version of the query.

CWnative_retrieve_some() is the core of a backend. It will be called periodically to fetch URLs. It should retrieve several hits from the search service and add them to the cache. It should return the number of hits found, or undef when there are no more hits.

Internally, CWnative_retrieve_some() typically sends an HTTP request to the search service, parses the HTML, extracts the links and descriptions, then saves the URL for the next page of results. See the code for the CWWWW::Search::AltaVista module for an example.

Alternatively, a backend can define the method CWparse_tree() instead of CWnative_retrieve_some(). See the CWWWW::Search::Ebay module for a good example.

If you implement a new backend, please let the authors know.

The bugs are there for you to find (some people call them Easter Eggs).

Desired features:

A portable query language.

A portable language would easily allow you to move queries easily between different search engines. A query abstraction is non-trivial and unfortunately will not be done anytime soon by the current maintainers. If you want to take a shot at it, please let me know.

CWWWW::Search was written by John Heidemann, CWjohnh@isi.edu. CWWWW::Search is currently maintained by Martin Thurn, CWmthurn@cpan.org.

backends and applications for WWW::Search were originally written by John Heidemann, Wm. L. Scheding, Cesare Feroldi de Rosa, and GLen Pringle.

Copyright (c) 1996 University of Southern California. All rights reserved.

Redistribution and use in source and binary forms are permitted provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are duplicated in all such forms and that any documentation, advertising materials, and other materials related to such distribution and use acknowledge that the software was developed by the University of Southern California, Information Sciences Institute. The name of the University may not be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission.

THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED AS IS AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.