man rand () - pseudo-random number generator

NAME

rand, rand_r, srand - pseudo-random number generator

SYNOPSIS

#include <stdlib.h>

int rand(void);

int rand_r(unsigned *seed);

void srand(unsigned seed);

DESCRIPTION

The rand() function shall compute a sequence of pseudo-random integers in the range [0, {RAND_MAX}] with a period of at least 2**32.

The rand() function need not be reentrant. A function that is not required to be reentrant is not required to be thread-safe.

The rand_r() function shall compute a sequence of pseudo-random integers in the range [0, {RAND_MAX}]. (The value of the {RAND_MAX} macro shall be at least 32767.)

If rand_r() is called with the same initial value for the object pointed to by seed and that object is not modified between successive returns and calls to rand_r(), the same sequence shall be generated.

The srand() function uses the argument as a seed for a new sequence of pseudo-random numbers to be returned by subsequent calls to rand(). If srand() is then called with the same seed value, the sequence of pseudo-random numbers shall be repeated. If rand() is called before any calls to srand() are made, the same sequence shall be generated as when srand() is first called with a seed value of 1.

The implementation shall behave as if no function defined in this volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 calls rand() or srand().

RETURN VALUE

The rand() function shall return the next pseudo-random number in the sequence.

The rand_r() function shall return a pseudo-random integer.

The srand() function shall not return a value.

ERRORS

No errors are defined.

The following sections are informative.

EXAMPLES

Generating a Pseudo-Random Number Sequence

The following example demonstrates how to generate a sequence of pseudo-random numbers. 

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
...
    long count, i;
    char *keystr;
    int elementlen, len;
    char c;
...
/* Initial random number generator. */
    srand(1);


    /* Create keys using only lowercase characters */
    len = 0;
    for (i=0; i<count; i++) {
        while (len < elementlen) {
            c = (char) (rand() % 128);
            if (islower(c))
                keystr[len++] = c;
        }


        keystr[len] = '\0';
        printf("%s Element%0*ld\n", keystr, elementlen, i);
        len = 0;
    }



Generating the Same Sequence on Different Machines

The following code defines a pair of functions that could be incorporated
into applications wishing to ensure that the same
sequence of numbers is generated across different machines.


static unsigned long next = 1;
int myrand(void)  /* RAND_MAX assumed to be 32767. */
{
    next = next * 1103515245 + 12345;
    return((unsigned)(next/65536) % 32768);
}


void mysrand(unsigned seed)
{
    next = seed;
}



APPLICATION USAGE

The drand48() function provides a much more elaborate random
number
generator.


The limitations on the amount of state that can be carried between
one function call and another mean the rand_r()
function can never be implemented in a way which satisfies all of
the requirements on a pseudo-random number generator. Therefore
this function should be avoided whenever non-trivial requirements
(including safety) have to be fulfilled.

RATIONALE

The ISO C standard rand() and srand() functions allow
per-process pseudo-random streams shared by all
threads. Those two functions need not change, but there has to be
mutual-exclusion that prevents interference between two threads
concurrently accessing the random number generator.


With regard to rand(), there are two different behaviors that
may be wanted in a multi-threaded program:

 1.

A single per-process sequence of pseudo-random numbers that is shared
by all threads that call rand()



 2.

A different sequence of pseudo-random numbers for each thread that
calls rand()




This is provided by the modified thread-safe function based on whether
the seed value is global to the entire process or local
to each thread.


This does not address the known deficiencies of the rand() function
implementations, which have been approached by
maintaining more state. In effect, this specifies new thread-safe
forms of a deficient function.

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

None.

SEE ALSO

drand48() , the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001,
<stdlib.h>

COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .